MJN 2020 Issues
Malaysian Journal of Nutrition (Mal J Nutr)
Volume 26 No.1, 2020
Table of Content
EDITORIAL
Nutrition, Immunity and COVID-19
Hamid Jan B. Jan Mohamed & Tee E Siong
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Malaysian Food Barometer (MFB): a study of the impact
of compressed modernisation on food habits
Jean-Pierre Poulain, Cyrille Laporte, Laurence Tibère, Elise Mognard,
Neethianhantan Ari Ragavan, Anis Ashraf Zadeh & Ismail Mohd Noor
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0042
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The Malaysian society is undergoing rapid modernisation. The emerging middle class in Malaysia is influencing the lifestyles and traditional food habits of the main three ethnics (i.e. Malays, Chinese, and Indians). This article studied the impact of compressed modernisation on food in a multicultural context. The Malaysian Food Barometer (MFB), published in the year 2014, focuses on the socio-cultural determinants of food habits in Malaysia.
Methods: The methods applied in the study were qualitative and quantitative surveys of the food barometers developed at the national level to study the transformation of eating habits. The surveys studied the socio-economic, demographic, and cultural determinants of food consumption, as well as identifying their possible influences on health issues.
Results: The results showed two major distinguishing characteristics of Malaysian food patterns, i.e. linking with Malaysia’s multi-ethnicity background and the high frequency of foods consumed outside of home by the urban population.
Conclusion: The article concluded that like many societies in transition, Malaysia has to face a rise in the prevalence of overweight. However, with its multicultural characteristics, it becomes a privileged empirical field of observation for the analysis of modernisation modalities of diet models among different ethnic groups.
Key words: Compressed modernity, eating out, social norms, meal, food cultures, food studies
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Introduction: The Malaysian society is undergoing rapid modernisation. The emerging middle class in Malaysia is influencing the lifestyles and traditional food habits of the main three ethnics (i.e. Malays, Chinese, and Indians). This article studied the impact of compressed modernisation on food in a multicultural context. The Malaysian Food Barometer (MFB), published in the year 2014, focuses on the socio-cultural determinants of food habits in Malaysia.
Methods: The methods applied in the study were qualitative and quantitative surveys of the food barometers developed at the national level to study the transformation of eating habits. The surveys studied the socio-economic, demographic, and cultural determinants of food consumption, as well as identifying their possible influences on health issues.
Results: The results showed two major distinguishing characteristics of Malaysian food patterns, i.e. linking with Malaysia’s multi-ethnicity background and the high frequency of foods consumed outside of home by the urban population.
Conclusion: The article concluded that like many societies in transition, Malaysia has to face a rise in the prevalence of overweight. However, with its multicultural characteristics, it becomes a privileged empirical field of observation for the analysis of modernisation modalities of diet models among different ethnic groups.
Key words: Compressed modernity, eating out, social norms, meal, food cultures, food studies
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Understanding barriers towards the use of food labels
among Saudi female college students
Al-Barqi R, Al-Salem Y, Mahrous L, Abu Abat E, Al-Quraishi R & Benajiba N
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0117
ABSTRACT
Introduction: A food label is an important tool that provides nutritional information which influences consumers by promoting awareness on their diet and improving health status. This study aimed to assess nutrition knowledge level, food label usage, and the barriers that hinder the use of food labels among students in Health Colleges at the Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University (PNU).
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among Health College students at PNU in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). A total of 572 participants were interviewed through a validated questionnaire on social demographic characteristics, nutrition knowledge level, food label use, and barriers that hinder food label use. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 21), with statistical significance set at p-value <0.05.
Results: Only 27.4% of the participants stated that they always or usually use food labels when purchasing food products. Majority of the participants (59.4%) had moderate nutrition knowledge. Factors significantly associated to food label use were nutrition knowledge (R2=0.21), attitude towards health value of the products (R2=0.35), and taste (R2=-0.22). About 41.0% of the participants indicated that time constraint was the main barrier for not using food labels, followed by no interest (31.3%), no need (27.8%), and difficult to use (24.8%).
Conclusion: This study found that food label use was low among the participants. Nutrition knowledge supported food label use while time constraint was the main barrier that hindered the use of food label among them. Raising students’ nutrition knowledge level through nutrition education programmes could promote food label use.
Key words: Food label use, female university students, barriers, Saudi Arabia
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Introduction: A food label is an important tool that provides nutritional information which influences consumers by promoting awareness on their diet and improving health status. This study aimed to assess nutrition knowledge level, food label usage, and the barriers that hinder the use of food labels among students in Health Colleges at the Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University (PNU).
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among Health College students at PNU in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). A total of 572 participants were interviewed through a validated questionnaire on social demographic characteristics, nutrition knowledge level, food label use, and barriers that hinder food label use. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 21), with statistical significance set at p-value <0.05.
Results: Only 27.4% of the participants stated that they always or usually use food labels when purchasing food products. Majority of the participants (59.4%) had moderate nutrition knowledge. Factors significantly associated to food label use were nutrition knowledge (R2=0.21), attitude towards health value of the products (R2=0.35), and taste (R2=-0.22). About 41.0% of the participants indicated that time constraint was the main barrier for not using food labels, followed by no interest (31.3%), no need (27.8%), and difficult to use (24.8%).
Conclusion: This study found that food label use was low among the participants. Nutrition knowledge supported food label use while time constraint was the main barrier that hindered the use of food label among them. Raising students’ nutrition knowledge level through nutrition education programmes could promote food label use.
Key words: Food label use, female university students, barriers, Saudi Arabia
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The role of public health dietary messages and
guidelines in tackling overweight and obesity issues
Yi Yi Lee, David Tan, José Siri, Barry Newell, Yi Gong, Katrina Proust &
Terry Marsden
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0084
ABSTRACT
Overweight and obesity in Malaysia pose serious threats to health. Prevalence has escalated to alarming levels in recent decades despite a multitude of public health dietary messages geared towards obesity prevention and health promotion. Gaps between health messages, messengers, and the public must be identified and closed to effectively combat obesity and overweight. This review article aims to examine public health dietary messages, guidelines, and programmes for the prevention of obesity in Malaysia, and explore potential reasons for the continued rise in its prevalence. Public health dietary communication in Malaysia has progressed and improved substantially over the years. However, most messages have been designed for the general audience, with little consideration of differences in physical, social, cultural, and environmental backgrounds, and varying levels of comprehension. We offer several recommendations to increase the effectiveness of public health dietary messages in fighting the obesity epidemic, based on a cross-sectoral, place-based approach that recognise the complexity of the underlying causes of obesity.
Key words: Public health dietary messaging; obesity; Malaysia; place-based approach; cross-sectoral approaches
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Overweight and obesity in Malaysia pose serious threats to health. Prevalence has escalated to alarming levels in recent decades despite a multitude of public health dietary messages geared towards obesity prevention and health promotion. Gaps between health messages, messengers, and the public must be identified and closed to effectively combat obesity and overweight. This review article aims to examine public health dietary messages, guidelines, and programmes for the prevention of obesity in Malaysia, and explore potential reasons for the continued rise in its prevalence. Public health dietary communication in Malaysia has progressed and improved substantially over the years. However, most messages have been designed for the general audience, with little consideration of differences in physical, social, cultural, and environmental backgrounds, and varying levels of comprehension. We offer several recommendations to increase the effectiveness of public health dietary messages in fighting the obesity epidemic, based on a cross-sectoral, place-based approach that recognise the complexity of the underlying causes of obesity.
Key words: Public health dietary messaging; obesity; Malaysia; place-based approach; cross-sectoral approaches
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Development of a new questionnaire to assess childcare
providers’ KAP regarding infant and young child feeding
Najihah Mahfuzah Zakria, Tengku Alina Tengku Ismail, Wan Nor Arifin Wan
Mansor, Zaharah Sulaiman & Tengku Fatimatul Tengku Hassim
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0113
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The integration of infant and young child feeding into childcare settings is important to the overall wellbeing of a community. To our knowledge, there is no questionnaire at the national context specifically on the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of infant and young child feeding among childcare providers. Preexisting questionnaires are unsatisfactory due to different target populations and validation approaches. This study aims to develop a new questionnaire for assessing the KAP regarding infant and young child feeding among childcare providers in Malaysia.
Methods: A new questionnaire on childcare providers’ KAP was developed using literature review, expert opinions, and a theoretical framework. It was developed using a modified Delphi technique in five phases: 1. Identification of the domains, 2. Verification of the identified domains, 3. Definition of the domains, 4. Identification of relevant and representative items for each domain, and 5. Final verification of the domains and items, followed by a pre-survey evaluation.
Results: The final items were verified by experts with references to relevant literatures, other questionnaires, and experts’ experiences. A total of 236 items were selected after consideration of their relevancy and representativeness: 104, 90, 42 items addressing knowledge, attitude, and practice, respectively. The questionnaire was named Borang Kaji Selidik Pemakanan Bayi dan Kanak-kanak dalam kalangan Pengasuh, or IYCF-CCPQ.
Conclusion: The IYCF-CCPQ is a newly developed questionnaire to measure childcare providers’ KAP regarding infant and young child feeding.
Key words: KAP, infant feeding, childcare provider, questionnaire, development
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Introduction: The integration of infant and young child feeding into childcare settings is important to the overall wellbeing of a community. To our knowledge, there is no questionnaire at the national context specifically on the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of infant and young child feeding among childcare providers. Preexisting questionnaires are unsatisfactory due to different target populations and validation approaches. This study aims to develop a new questionnaire for assessing the KAP regarding infant and young child feeding among childcare providers in Malaysia.
Methods: A new questionnaire on childcare providers’ KAP was developed using literature review, expert opinions, and a theoretical framework. It was developed using a modified Delphi technique in five phases: 1. Identification of the domains, 2. Verification of the identified domains, 3. Definition of the domains, 4. Identification of relevant and representative items for each domain, and 5. Final verification of the domains and items, followed by a pre-survey evaluation.
Results: The final items were verified by experts with references to relevant literatures, other questionnaires, and experts’ experiences. A total of 236 items were selected after consideration of their relevancy and representativeness: 104, 90, 42 items addressing knowledge, attitude, and practice, respectively. The questionnaire was named Borang Kaji Selidik Pemakanan Bayi dan Kanak-kanak dalam kalangan Pengasuh, or IYCF-CCPQ.
Conclusion: The IYCF-CCPQ is a newly developed questionnaire to measure childcare providers’ KAP regarding infant and young child feeding.
Key words: KAP, infant feeding, childcare provider, questionnaire, development
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Determination of glycaemic response of a novel cane
sugar product incorporated with Phyllanthus emblica
and Zingiber officinale extracts
Chathuranga Hasithi Samarasinghe, Madhura Arunoda Jayasinghe,
Senadheera Pathirannehelage Anuruddhika Subhashinie Senadheera, Isuru
Wijesekara, Binosha Fernando, Kamburawala Kankanamge Don Somathilaka
Ranaweera & Nirodha Heshan Bandara Wilamune
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0063
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The use of natural plant extracts to reduce blood glucose response has been practised from ancient times, although their industrial applications are rare. For the convenience of typical cane sugar consumers, selected tropical plant extracts were incorporated with cane sugar to make a low glycaemic sugar product.
Methods: This study compared the glycaemic responses of a commercially available product (Product 1) containing seven herbal extracts; fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), black pepper (Piper nigrum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) and pomegranate (Punica granatum) against a novel product (Product 2) that was made by incorporating only two plant extracts that were cheaper and readily available in the local market - gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) and ginger (Zingiber officinale). Extracts were incorporated with cane sugar to make a series of crystallised solid sugar products and the formulae with the best sensory attributes was selected (Product 2). The glycaemic indices of both products were determined by standardised methodology using 12 healthy volunteers in a randomised crossover study.
Results: The mean glycaemic index (GI) value for sugar in Product 1 was 49±9 and in Product 2 was 38±9. Both results elicited significantly (p<0.05) lower GI values than normal cane sugar (GI=65). The novel cane sugar product (Product 2) was far more superior compared to the commercially available product (Product 1) in reducing blood glucose response.
Conclusion: Incorporation of suitable herbal extracts to cane sugar and foods like rice and wheat flour may be a suitable option to reduce their glycaemic impact.
Key words: Cane sugar, diabetes, ginger, glycaemic index, gooseberry
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Introduction: The use of natural plant extracts to reduce blood glucose response has been practised from ancient times, although their industrial applications are rare. For the convenience of typical cane sugar consumers, selected tropical plant extracts were incorporated with cane sugar to make a low glycaemic sugar product.
Methods: This study compared the glycaemic responses of a commercially available product (Product 1) containing seven herbal extracts; fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), black pepper (Piper nigrum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) and pomegranate (Punica granatum) against a novel product (Product 2) that was made by incorporating only two plant extracts that were cheaper and readily available in the local market - gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) and ginger (Zingiber officinale). Extracts were incorporated with cane sugar to make a series of crystallised solid sugar products and the formulae with the best sensory attributes was selected (Product 2). The glycaemic indices of both products were determined by standardised methodology using 12 healthy volunteers in a randomised crossover study.
Results: The mean glycaemic index (GI) value for sugar in Product 1 was 49±9 and in Product 2 was 38±9. Both results elicited significantly (p<0.05) lower GI values than normal cane sugar (GI=65). The novel cane sugar product (Product 2) was far more superior compared to the commercially available product (Product 1) in reducing blood glucose response.
Conclusion: Incorporation of suitable herbal extracts to cane sugar and foods like rice and wheat flour may be a suitable option to reduce their glycaemic impact.
Key words: Cane sugar, diabetes, ginger, glycaemic index, gooseberry
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Effect of Morus alba (white mulberry) leaf on HbA1c of
patients with type II diabetes mellitus
Zoha Sohail, Nighat Bhatty, Saima Naz, Amna Iram & Saghir Ahmad Jafri
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0055
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a wide spread metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. In Pakistan, many traditional or medicinal plants are being used to treat ailments or disorders, both in children and adults. To date, there has been no research study done to investigate the effect of Morus alba (white mulberry) leaves on blood glucose levels of individuals with type II diabetes mellitus in Pakistan. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of Morus alba (white mulberry) leaf powder on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) of patients with type II diabetes mellitus.
Methods: The study design of this study was a randomised controlled trial. Eighty patients with type II diabetes mellitus were randomly selected from the Fatima Memorial Hospital and were equally divided into two groups - control group and experimental group. Patients in the control group were asked to follow their regular hypoglycaemic medications, while patients in the experimental group were administered with 500mg of Morus alba leaf tablet twice a day, 15 minutes before breakfast and dinner, along with their regular hypoglycaemic medications. HbA1c of patients in both groups were assessed on day zero before the study and on the ninetieth day at study completion.
Results: HbA1c of patients in the control group at baseline was 8.92% and 8.91% at final, whereas HbA1c of patients in the experimental group at baseline was 9.13% and 8.59% at final.
Conclusion: The results of this study concluded that Morus alba leaves had a significant effect in lowering high blood sugar levels.
Key words: Deoxynojirimycin-1, diabetes mellitus, Morus alba, HbA1c
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Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a wide spread metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. In Pakistan, many traditional or medicinal plants are being used to treat ailments or disorders, both in children and adults. To date, there has been no research study done to investigate the effect of Morus alba (white mulberry) leaves on blood glucose levels of individuals with type II diabetes mellitus in Pakistan. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of Morus alba (white mulberry) leaf powder on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) of patients with type II diabetes mellitus.
Methods: The study design of this study was a randomised controlled trial. Eighty patients with type II diabetes mellitus were randomly selected from the Fatima Memorial Hospital and were equally divided into two groups - control group and experimental group. Patients in the control group were asked to follow their regular hypoglycaemic medications, while patients in the experimental group were administered with 500mg of Morus alba leaf tablet twice a day, 15 minutes before breakfast and dinner, along with their regular hypoglycaemic medications. HbA1c of patients in both groups were assessed on day zero before the study and on the ninetieth day at study completion.
Results: HbA1c of patients in the control group at baseline was 8.92% and 8.91% at final, whereas HbA1c of patients in the experimental group at baseline was 9.13% and 8.59% at final.
Conclusion: The results of this study concluded that Morus alba leaves had a significant effect in lowering high blood sugar levels.
Key words: Deoxynojirimycin-1, diabetes mellitus, Morus alba, HbA1c
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Identification of dietary diversity associated with
stunting in Indonesia
Laksmi Trisasmita, Trini Sudiarti, Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika & Asih Setiarini
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0128
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Stunting has become one of the world’s most discussed health topics. Dietary diversity takes on an important role in increasing the nutrition fulfilment of young children aged 6–59 months for their optimal growth. This study aims to understand the association between dietary diversity and stunting in children aged 6–59 months old in Babakan Madang subdistrict, Bogor district of West Java, Indonesia.
Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted in May 2019 in Babakan Madang subdistrict. The subjects chosen for this study were 200 children aged 6–59 months, and they were selected using the probabilityproportional- to-size sampling technique. Individual dietary diversity was assessed by minimum dietary diversity with the consumption of four or more food groups out of the total seven groups. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test.
Results: Poor dietary diversity was significantly related with stunting (p=0.023; OR=2.182; 95% CI: 1.152–4.134). In addition, age <2 years was a significant protective factor against stunting (p=0.011; OR=0.445; 95% CI: 0.246– 0.806).
Conclusion: The risk of stunting in children can be reduced by providing a variety of foods in their diets, which includes at least four food groups a day. There is a need to increase awareness among the population about appropriate nutrition through dietary education.
Key words: Stunting, dietary diversity, child nutrition
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Introduction: Stunting has become one of the world’s most discussed health topics. Dietary diversity takes on an important role in increasing the nutrition fulfilment of young children aged 6–59 months for their optimal growth. This study aims to understand the association between dietary diversity and stunting in children aged 6–59 months old in Babakan Madang subdistrict, Bogor district of West Java, Indonesia.
Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted in May 2019 in Babakan Madang subdistrict. The subjects chosen for this study were 200 children aged 6–59 months, and they were selected using the probabilityproportional- to-size sampling technique. Individual dietary diversity was assessed by minimum dietary diversity with the consumption of four or more food groups out of the total seven groups. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test.
Results: Poor dietary diversity was significantly related with stunting (p=0.023; OR=2.182; 95% CI: 1.152–4.134). In addition, age <2 years was a significant protective factor against stunting (p=0.011; OR=0.445; 95% CI: 0.246– 0.806).
Conclusion: The risk of stunting in children can be reduced by providing a variety of foods in their diets, which includes at least four food groups a day. There is a need to increase awareness among the population about appropriate nutrition through dietary education.
Key words: Stunting, dietary diversity, child nutrition
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Nutritional composition of indigenous durian varieties
Parunya Thiyajai, Somsri Charoenkiatkul, Kasem Kulpradit, Sasivimon Swangpol, Piyanut Sridonpai & Kunchit Judprasong
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0083
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Data on nutrients of indigenous durians are useful for selecting suitable varieties for future cultivation and conservation. The objective of this study is to investigate the nutrient composition (proximate composition, dietary fibre, minerals, sugars, and fatty acids) of 17 indigenous durian varieties from Thailand.
Methods: The edible part of each variety was collected, freeze dried, and kept in a freezer until analysis. All parameters were analysed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 17025 accredited laboratories using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) standards or well-validated methods.
Results: All varieties of durian contained protein, fat [2.2-3.4g and 2.6-6.1g/100g fresh weight (FW), respectively], and carbohydrate (20.0-39.5g/100g FW). Sugars were predominantly found (14.2-21.8g/100g FW) and sucrose was the major form of sugars (50.0-90.0%). For the most part, all varieties contained considerable amounts of potassium, sulphur, and phosphorus. Oleic acid (C18:1n9) was the major monounsaturated fatty acid and palmitic acid (16:0) was the major saturated fatty acid (27.9-51.9% and 35.6-48.3%, respectively) in all varieties.
Conclusion: Varieties of Kob-wat-kuay, Kob-sao-noi, and Kob-wai provided several beneficial compounds but also had unhealthy nutrients in small amounts. This food composition database information is beneficial for selecting good varieties for the purpose of conservation, healthy consumption, and export promotion.
Key words: Durian, food composition, nutrient, fatty acid
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Introduction: Data on nutrients of indigenous durians are useful for selecting suitable varieties for future cultivation and conservation. The objective of this study is to investigate the nutrient composition (proximate composition, dietary fibre, minerals, sugars, and fatty acids) of 17 indigenous durian varieties from Thailand.
Methods: The edible part of each variety was collected, freeze dried, and kept in a freezer until analysis. All parameters were analysed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 17025 accredited laboratories using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) standards or well-validated methods.
Results: All varieties of durian contained protein, fat [2.2-3.4g and 2.6-6.1g/100g fresh weight (FW), respectively], and carbohydrate (20.0-39.5g/100g FW). Sugars were predominantly found (14.2-21.8g/100g FW) and sucrose was the major form of sugars (50.0-90.0%). For the most part, all varieties contained considerable amounts of potassium, sulphur, and phosphorus. Oleic acid (C18:1n9) was the major monounsaturated fatty acid and palmitic acid (16:0) was the major saturated fatty acid (27.9-51.9% and 35.6-48.3%, respectively) in all varieties.
Conclusion: Varieties of Kob-wat-kuay, Kob-sao-noi, and Kob-wai provided several beneficial compounds but also had unhealthy nutrients in small amounts. This food composition database information is beneficial for selecting good varieties for the purpose of conservation, healthy consumption, and export promotion.
Key words: Durian, food composition, nutrient, fatty acid
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Mango seed kernel flour (Mangifera indica): nutrient
composition and potential as food
Fajriyati Mas’ud, Akhmad Rifai & Muhammad Sayuti
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0082
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Mango seed kernel flour (MSKF) is a potential source of nutrition and antioxidant. In the present paper, we provide a complete data on the nutrient compositions of seven varieties of MSKF that are grown in Indonesia. The data can be used as a reference when MSKF is used for further processing in a variety of products.
Methods: Seven varieties of MSKF were analysed for their proximate composition, antioxidant components, mineral content, and fatty acid profile.
Results: Carbohydrate, crude protein, total lipid, crude fibre, and ash contents of MSKF were found to be 36.2-39.3%, 5.2-6.6%, 5.9-7.2%, 2.2-2.5%, and 2.9-5.5%, respectively. MSKF contained a considerable amount of antioxidant components at 62.4-72.9mg total polyphenols/g, carotenoid of 1.3-2.4mg/100g, vitamin E of 131.1-142.0mg/100g, and ascorbic acid of 66.8-73.1mg/100g. They also contained important minerals such as calcium at 25.2-36.8mg/100g, magnesium at 82.7-124.2mg/100g, potassium at 94.3-142.7mg/100g, phosphorus at 72.7-95.3mg/100g, and sodium at 21.7-37.5mg/100g. Stearic acid was the main saturated fatty acid, while oleic acid was the major unsaturated fatty acid.
Conclusion: MSKF has the potential to be a good source of nutrition for humans.
Key words: Mango, proximate, antioxidant, fatty acid, minerals
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Introduction: Mango seed kernel flour (MSKF) is a potential source of nutrition and antioxidant. In the present paper, we provide a complete data on the nutrient compositions of seven varieties of MSKF that are grown in Indonesia. The data can be used as a reference when MSKF is used for further processing in a variety of products.
Methods: Seven varieties of MSKF were analysed for their proximate composition, antioxidant components, mineral content, and fatty acid profile.
Results: Carbohydrate, crude protein, total lipid, crude fibre, and ash contents of MSKF were found to be 36.2-39.3%, 5.2-6.6%, 5.9-7.2%, 2.2-2.5%, and 2.9-5.5%, respectively. MSKF contained a considerable amount of antioxidant components at 62.4-72.9mg total polyphenols/g, carotenoid of 1.3-2.4mg/100g, vitamin E of 131.1-142.0mg/100g, and ascorbic acid of 66.8-73.1mg/100g. They also contained important minerals such as calcium at 25.2-36.8mg/100g, magnesium at 82.7-124.2mg/100g, potassium at 94.3-142.7mg/100g, phosphorus at 72.7-95.3mg/100g, and sodium at 21.7-37.5mg/100g. Stearic acid was the main saturated fatty acid, while oleic acid was the major unsaturated fatty acid.
Conclusion: MSKF has the potential to be a good source of nutrition for humans.
Key words: Mango, proximate, antioxidant, fatty acid, minerals
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Association between adiposity indicators and
cardiorespiratory fitness among rural northeastern Thai
adolescents
Weerachat Srichan, Tippawan Pongcharoen, Kunchit Judprasong, Pattanee
Winichagoon, Sueppong Gowachirapant & Wanphen Wimonpeerapattana
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0092
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Obesity or high adiposity is known to be associated with various medical consequences, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome. High adiposity and poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) have been found to be related with higher risks of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, previous studies in Asia reported inconsistent findings on the association between obesity or high adiposity, based on various indicators, with impaired CRF. This study investigated the association between adiposity indicators and CRF in terms of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) in adolescents from rural northeastern Thailand.
Methods: This study was performed among 486 adolescents aged 14-15 years old in Khon Kaen province, Thailand. Adiposity indicators included body mass index-for-age z-scores (BAZ), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and percent body fat (%BF) based on deuterium dilution technique.
Results: Male adolescents had higher WHR and VO2 max than female adolescents, while female adolescents had higher %BF and WHtR. Adolescents who had higher adiposity tended to have lower VO2 max, especially among females in which the lowest VO2 max was found in the highest quintile of adiposity indicators, including BAZ, WC, WHtR and %BF.
Conclusion: Adolescents with higher adiposity tended to have poorer CRF. Based on previous knowledge that both high adiposity and poor CRF may lead to higher risks of developing CVD, this suggests that obese adolescents should be considered and managed at an early age in order to maintain optimal CRF.
Key words: Adiposity, cardiorespiratory fitness, adolescent
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Introduction: Obesity or high adiposity is known to be associated with various medical consequences, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome. High adiposity and poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) have been found to be related with higher risks of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, previous studies in Asia reported inconsistent findings on the association between obesity or high adiposity, based on various indicators, with impaired CRF. This study investigated the association between adiposity indicators and CRF in terms of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) in adolescents from rural northeastern Thailand.
Methods: This study was performed among 486 adolescents aged 14-15 years old in Khon Kaen province, Thailand. Adiposity indicators included body mass index-for-age z-scores (BAZ), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and percent body fat (%BF) based on deuterium dilution technique.
Results: Male adolescents had higher WHR and VO2 max than female adolescents, while female adolescents had higher %BF and WHtR. Adolescents who had higher adiposity tended to have lower VO2 max, especially among females in which the lowest VO2 max was found in the highest quintile of adiposity indicators, including BAZ, WC, WHtR and %BF.
Conclusion: Adolescents with higher adiposity tended to have poorer CRF. Based on previous knowledge that both high adiposity and poor CRF may lead to higher risks of developing CVD, this suggests that obese adolescents should be considered and managed at an early age in order to maintain optimal CRF.
Key words: Adiposity, cardiorespiratory fitness, adolescent
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Microwave cooking enhances glycaemic potential of
rice: An in vitro study
Bhupinder Kaur, Joseph Lim, Charoonsri Chusak & Christiani Jeyakumar
Henry
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0106
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Rice is the principle staple and energy source for nearly half the world’s population and has significant nutrition and health implications. Most rice varieties are considered high glycaemic index (GI) foods. With rice being a major contributor to the glycaemic load in Asian populations, there is increasing concern of its impact on the development of type 2 diabetes. Devising ways to reduce the glycaemic impact of rice is therefore imperative. Rice is cooked in a variety of ways, such as over an open fire, electric cooker or microwave. We evaluated the impact of the electric cooker and microwave cooking methods on starch digestibility in a variety of rice commonly consumed in Asia.
Methods: Nine rice varieties of varying GIs were cooked in an electric cooker and microwave oven, and the starch digestibility of cooked rice measured using an in vitro digestion method.
Results: High GI white rice (WR) had reduced starch digestibility after microwave cooking compared to electric cooker (p<0.05). There was a significant reduction in incremental area under the curves (iAUC) and rapidly digestible starch of WR cooked using microwave rather than electric cooker (p<0.05). Interestingly, even for low GI rice varieties such as iddly rice and extra long basmati rice, microwaving increased slowly digestible starch.
Conclusion: The results provide indicative data that the glycaemic impact of rice can be reduced when cooked using a microwave oven. These observations have nutritional implications that need to be substantiated using in vivo studies. Microwaving may provide a simple method of reducing the postprandial glycaemia of high GI rice.
Key words: Cooking method, microwave cooking, rice, starch digestibility, glycaemic index
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Introduction: Rice is the principle staple and energy source for nearly half the world’s population and has significant nutrition and health implications. Most rice varieties are considered high glycaemic index (GI) foods. With rice being a major contributor to the glycaemic load in Asian populations, there is increasing concern of its impact on the development of type 2 diabetes. Devising ways to reduce the glycaemic impact of rice is therefore imperative. Rice is cooked in a variety of ways, such as over an open fire, electric cooker or microwave. We evaluated the impact of the electric cooker and microwave cooking methods on starch digestibility in a variety of rice commonly consumed in Asia.
Methods: Nine rice varieties of varying GIs were cooked in an electric cooker and microwave oven, and the starch digestibility of cooked rice measured using an in vitro digestion method.
Results: High GI white rice (WR) had reduced starch digestibility after microwave cooking compared to electric cooker (p<0.05). There was a significant reduction in incremental area under the curves (iAUC) and rapidly digestible starch of WR cooked using microwave rather than electric cooker (p<0.05). Interestingly, even for low GI rice varieties such as iddly rice and extra long basmati rice, microwaving increased slowly digestible starch.
Conclusion: The results provide indicative data that the glycaemic impact of rice can be reduced when cooked using a microwave oven. These observations have nutritional implications that need to be substantiated using in vivo studies. Microwaving may provide a simple method of reducing the postprandial glycaemia of high GI rice.
Key words: Cooking method, microwave cooking, rice, starch digestibility, glycaemic index
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Vitamin D status is associated with high BMI, working
status and gravidity among pregnant Malaysian women
Lalitha Palaniveloo, Yong Heng Yaw, Zalilah Mohd Shariff, Loh Su Peng,
Jacques Bindels, Yvonne Yee Siang Tee & Eline M. van der Beek
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0010
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is associated with adverse health outcomes in pregnancy and newborns. This study aims to determine the Vitamin D status among pregnant Malaysian women and its associations with specific maternal & pregnancy characteristics.
Methods: This study utilised cross-sectional data from a prospective cohort study of pregnant women in Seremban district in which 259 pregnant women had available vitamin D data. Blood samples were taken <14th week of gestation. Serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were analysed using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) technology on the ARCHITECT iSystem and categorised using the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2011 cutoffs. A set of pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on socio-demographics, obstetrics, and anthropometry.
Results: Mean serum 25(OH)D was 32.83±11.37nmol/L. The prevalence of severe and mild VDD was 23.2% (n=60) and 68.3% (n=177), respectively. About 8.5% (n=22) of pregnant women were vitamin D insufficient and none had sufficient serum 25(OH)D (>75nmol/L). Early pregnancy body mass index (AOR=2.95, 95% CI=1.03-8.47), working status (AOR=3.17, 95% CI=1.06–9.50) and gravidity (AOR=0.68, 95% CI=0.48–0.98) were significantly associated with VDD.
Conclusion: The present study showed a high prevalence of VDD among pregnant women in Malaysia, especially among those who were overweight or obese, working in indoor environment and primigravida.
Key words: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD), serum 25(OH)D, BMI, pregnant women, Malaysia
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Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is associated with adverse health outcomes in pregnancy and newborns. This study aims to determine the Vitamin D status among pregnant Malaysian women and its associations with specific maternal & pregnancy characteristics.
Methods: This study utilised cross-sectional data from a prospective cohort study of pregnant women in Seremban district in which 259 pregnant women had available vitamin D data. Blood samples were taken <14th week of gestation. Serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were analysed using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) technology on the ARCHITECT iSystem and categorised using the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2011 cutoffs. A set of pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on socio-demographics, obstetrics, and anthropometry.
Results: Mean serum 25(OH)D was 32.83±11.37nmol/L. The prevalence of severe and mild VDD was 23.2% (n=60) and 68.3% (n=177), respectively. About 8.5% (n=22) of pregnant women were vitamin D insufficient and none had sufficient serum 25(OH)D (>75nmol/L). Early pregnancy body mass index (AOR=2.95, 95% CI=1.03-8.47), working status (AOR=3.17, 95% CI=1.06–9.50) and gravidity (AOR=0.68, 95% CI=0.48–0.98) were significantly associated with VDD.
Conclusion: The present study showed a high prevalence of VDD among pregnant women in Malaysia, especially among those who were overweight or obese, working in indoor environment and primigravida.
Key words: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD), serum 25(OH)D, BMI, pregnant women, Malaysia
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Malaysian Journal of Nutrition (Mal J Nutr)
Volume 26 No.2, 2020
Table of Content
Development of a tool to measure patients’ satisfaction
of hospital foodservice in a government hospital
Mariem Boughoula, Rosita Jamaluddin, Nurul Aqmaliza Abd Manan, Hazizi
Abu Saad & Muhammad Sharim Ab Karim
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0047
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Dissatisfaction towards the quality of foodservice can affect several important aspects such as nutritional intake and financial burden. The effect of dissatisfaction towards nutritional aspect can be observed via a decline in dietary intake. Therefore, reliable and valid questionnaires are important to measure patients’ satisfaction with hospital foodservice. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the construct validity and reliability of a developed questionnaire in a local setting.
Methods: A questionnaire adapted from previous studies and consisting of 27 statements from four dimensions, was administered to a total of 277 hospitalised patients in a government hospital. Factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted using SPSS version 25.
Results: Principal component of factor analysis revealed that the final questionnaire contained four main foodservice dimensions, namely food properties, staff and meal service reliability, customisation, and physical and social aspects. The reliability analysis revealed that the Cronbach’s alpha value ranged from 0.55 to 0.84 for these foodservice dimensions. The analysis showed that the alpha value differed from one dimension to another such as food properties (α=0.84), staff and meal service reliability (α=0.67), customisation (α=0.69) and physical and social aspects (α=0.55).
Conclusion: Twenty-seven questionnaire items were retained because their factor loadings were greater than 0.35. Therefore, the questionnaire on patients’ satisfaction towards hospital foodservice was considered reliable and valid. The classification of the four dimensions provided detailed information of the satisfaction level, relationship and influence on the foodservice dimensions, which contributed to satisfaction towards hospital foodservice.
Key words: Patients’ satisfaction, hospital food, hospital foodservice, reliability, validity, factor analysis
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Introduction: Dissatisfaction towards the quality of foodservice can affect several important aspects such as nutritional intake and financial burden. The effect of dissatisfaction towards nutritional aspect can be observed via a decline in dietary intake. Therefore, reliable and valid questionnaires are important to measure patients’ satisfaction with hospital foodservice. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the construct validity and reliability of a developed questionnaire in a local setting.
Methods: A questionnaire adapted from previous studies and consisting of 27 statements from four dimensions, was administered to a total of 277 hospitalised patients in a government hospital. Factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted using SPSS version 25.
Results: Principal component of factor analysis revealed that the final questionnaire contained four main foodservice dimensions, namely food properties, staff and meal service reliability, customisation, and physical and social aspects. The reliability analysis revealed that the Cronbach’s alpha value ranged from 0.55 to 0.84 for these foodservice dimensions. The analysis showed that the alpha value differed from one dimension to another such as food properties (α=0.84), staff and meal service reliability (α=0.67), customisation (α=0.69) and physical and social aspects (α=0.55).
Conclusion: Twenty-seven questionnaire items were retained because their factor loadings were greater than 0.35. Therefore, the questionnaire on patients’ satisfaction towards hospital foodservice was considered reliable and valid. The classification of the four dimensions provided detailed information of the satisfaction level, relationship and influence on the foodservice dimensions, which contributed to satisfaction towards hospital foodservice.
Key words: Patients’ satisfaction, hospital food, hospital foodservice, reliability, validity, factor analysis
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Body mass index of adults, pre-elderly and elderly in
Indonesia (Indonesian Family Life Survey 2014)
Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika & Eka Rosiyati
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0045
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Nutritional status is an indicator of health status that can be determined using the Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2). This study aimed to determine factors affecting the nutritional status of adults, pre-elderly, and elderly.
Methods: This cross-sectional study used secondary data from 13,655 respondents aged 36– 66 years that were a part of the 2014 Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS). Food consumption patterns, physical activity, and socio-demographic data were used to assess nutritional status (BMI).
Results: Consumption patterns of carbohydrates, protein, fat, vegetables, and fruits were significantly associated with mean BMI as an increase in consumption score led to an increase in mean BMI. Conversely, greater physical activity resulted in a decrease in mean BMI. Mean BMI among females was higher than that of males, irrespective of factors such as marital status, unemployment, presence of health insurance, or smoking. Sumatranese people had the highest mean BMI among the population, along with senior high school graduates and high-income earners. Both higher income and education levels led to higher mean BMI.
Conclusion: Many factors were shown to affect nutritional status. The results imply that solving nutritional problems in order to improve quality of life will involve many factors, including socioeconomic variables, which are important for designing and evaluating health programmes.
Key words: Nutritional status, adults, pre-elderly, elderly, factors
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Introduction: Nutritional status is an indicator of health status that can be determined using the Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2). This study aimed to determine factors affecting the nutritional status of adults, pre-elderly, and elderly.
Methods: This cross-sectional study used secondary data from 13,655 respondents aged 36– 66 years that were a part of the 2014 Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS). Food consumption patterns, physical activity, and socio-demographic data were used to assess nutritional status (BMI).
Results: Consumption patterns of carbohydrates, protein, fat, vegetables, and fruits were significantly associated with mean BMI as an increase in consumption score led to an increase in mean BMI. Conversely, greater physical activity resulted in a decrease in mean BMI. Mean BMI among females was higher than that of males, irrespective of factors such as marital status, unemployment, presence of health insurance, or smoking. Sumatranese people had the highest mean BMI among the population, along with senior high school graduates and high-income earners. Both higher income and education levels led to higher mean BMI.
Conclusion: Many factors were shown to affect nutritional status. The results imply that solving nutritional problems in order to improve quality of life will involve many factors, including socioeconomic variables, which are important for designing and evaluating health programmes.
Key words: Nutritional status, adults, pre-elderly, elderly, factors
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Adiponectin, anthropometric measurements and
insulin resistance in adolescence with obesity
Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Rendi Aji Prihaningtyas, Meta Herdiana Hanindita,
Roedi Irawan, IDG Ugrasena & Retno Handajani
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0100
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Obesity in adolescents can cause metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance increases the risk of metabolic syndrome, which then increases the risk of premature death. Studies about anthropometric measurements and adiponectin levels as early markers of insulin resistance in obese adolescents are still limited.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 59 obese adolescents aged 13–16 years. Obesity was established on the basis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) curve (2000). Insulin and blood glucose level measurements were carried out using an enzymatic kit. Adiponectin levels were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationships between variables were evaluated by correlation analysis using SPSS.
Results: Statistical tests showed a positive correlation between waist circumference (r=0.421; p=0.001) and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (r=0.396; p=0.002). Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) had a weak positive correlation with insulin (r=0.343; p=0.008 and r=0.311; p=0.017) and HOMA-IR (r=0.306; p=0.018). There was a weak negative correlation between adiponectin and insulin in obese adolescents (r=-0.278; p=0.033).
Conclusion: Anthropometric measurements (waist circumference, WHR and WHtR) and adiponectin can be used for early detection of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in obese adolescents.
Key words: Adiponectin, insulin, HOMA-IR, adolescents, obesity
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Introduction: Obesity in adolescents can cause metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance increases the risk of metabolic syndrome, which then increases the risk of premature death. Studies about anthropometric measurements and adiponectin levels as early markers of insulin resistance in obese adolescents are still limited.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 59 obese adolescents aged 13–16 years. Obesity was established on the basis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) curve (2000). Insulin and blood glucose level measurements were carried out using an enzymatic kit. Adiponectin levels were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationships between variables were evaluated by correlation analysis using SPSS.
Results: Statistical tests showed a positive correlation between waist circumference (r=0.421; p=0.001) and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (r=0.396; p=0.002). Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) had a weak positive correlation with insulin (r=0.343; p=0.008 and r=0.311; p=0.017) and HOMA-IR (r=0.306; p=0.018). There was a weak negative correlation between adiponectin and insulin in obese adolescents (r=-0.278; p=0.033).
Conclusion: Anthropometric measurements (waist circumference, WHR and WHtR) and adiponectin can be used for early detection of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in obese adolescents.
Key words: Adiponectin, insulin, HOMA-IR, adolescents, obesity
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Parental perception of child’s body weight status and
its association with socio-demographic factors among
Malay children in primary schools in Kuala Terengganu,
Malaysia
Nurzaime Zulaily, Aryati Ahmad, Mohd Razif Shahril & Amran Ahmed
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0089
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Obesity rate among school children has increased globally. Parental perception plays a significant role in the management of obesity among children. Previous studies indicated that parents who accurately perceived their child’s body weight status (BWS) tended to encourage healthy behaviours as compared to parents who overlooked the problem. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between socio-demographic factors with parental perceptions of their child’s BWS among school children in Terengganu, Malaysia.
Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, 389 school children aged 9 to 11 years old were recruited. Height and weight were measured using calibrated tools and inputted into the World Health Organization AnthroPlus software for body mass index z-score calculation. Parental perceptions of their child’s BWS were explored using a selfadministered questionnaire together with their socio-demographic background.
Results: Of 389 subjects, 53.2% of school children were from rural and 46.8% were from urban schools. Overall, mean BMI-for-age z-score between school locations showed no significant difference, with higher means reported in urban (-0.2±1.6SD) than in rural (-0.4±1.6SD). Significant association was found between parents’ perceptions and actual BWS (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that parents of overweight children and parents in rural schools were more likely to misperceive their child’s BWS.
Conclusion: This finding suggests that parents from rural areas and having overweight children were more likely to have misperceptions of their child’s BWS. Therefore, knowledge-based intervention programmes among parents specifically in the rural areas are needed to increase the level of awareness to assist in obesity prevention.
Key words: Parental perception, body weight, school children, Terengganu
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Introduction: Obesity rate among school children has increased globally. Parental perception plays a significant role in the management of obesity among children. Previous studies indicated that parents who accurately perceived their child’s body weight status (BWS) tended to encourage healthy behaviours as compared to parents who overlooked the problem. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between socio-demographic factors with parental perceptions of their child’s BWS among school children in Terengganu, Malaysia.
Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, 389 school children aged 9 to 11 years old were recruited. Height and weight were measured using calibrated tools and inputted into the World Health Organization AnthroPlus software for body mass index z-score calculation. Parental perceptions of their child’s BWS were explored using a selfadministered questionnaire together with their socio-demographic background.
Results: Of 389 subjects, 53.2% of school children were from rural and 46.8% were from urban schools. Overall, mean BMI-for-age z-score between school locations showed no significant difference, with higher means reported in urban (-0.2±1.6SD) than in rural (-0.4±1.6SD). Significant association was found between parents’ perceptions and actual BWS (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that parents of overweight children and parents in rural schools were more likely to misperceive their child’s BWS.
Conclusion: This finding suggests that parents from rural areas and having overweight children were more likely to have misperceptions of their child’s BWS. Therefore, knowledge-based intervention programmes among parents specifically in the rural areas are needed to increase the level of awareness to assist in obesity prevention.
Key words: Parental perception, body weight, school children, Terengganu
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School-based nutrition education to improve children
and their mothers’ knowledge on food and nutrition in
rural areas of the Philippines
Idelia G. Glorioso*, Milflor S. Gonzales & Andrea Marie P. Malit
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0004
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Nutrition education among school children and their mothers is an opportunity to promote lifelong healthy eating behaviours to improve their nutrition and well-being. The present study determined the effectiveness of nutrition education modules in improving children and their mothers’ knowledge on food and nutrition. Likewise, changes in attitude and behaviour among children were also determined.
Methods: Five nutrition education modules were developed with key messages on healthy plate, fruits and vegetables, protein sources, nutrientdense sources of energy, and water and healthy beverages. Grades 2 and 3 students received 60 hours of nutrition education with a duration of 25 minutes per session. Students were divided into two groups: (1) nutrition education alone (n=83) and (2) nutrition education with feeding (n=83). Simultaneously, a total of nine onehour nutrition education sessions were conducted among mothers, following the same five modules taught to the students. Mothers were also grouped according to their child’s group.
Results: Student participants in both groups exhibited improvements in mean scores on knowledge, attitude, and behaviour (KAB) from baseline to end line. Based on results of mothers’ classes, mean post-test scores of participants were significantly higher than mean pre-test scores in both groups. Group 1 had a higher increase in score from 67.2±32.8 at pre-test to 71.8±33.7 in post-test.
Conclusion: The developed nutrition education modules were effective in teaching children proper nutrition. Incorporation of these modules into the K to 12 curriculum will emphasise importance of proper nutrition in early childhood. Moreover, mothers’ classes can be an effective way to bridge the gap between school and community nutrition interventions.
Key words: School-based nutrition education, nutrition knowledge scores, mothers’ nutrition classes
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Introduction: Nutrition education among school children and their mothers is an opportunity to promote lifelong healthy eating behaviours to improve their nutrition and well-being. The present study determined the effectiveness of nutrition education modules in improving children and their mothers’ knowledge on food and nutrition. Likewise, changes in attitude and behaviour among children were also determined.
Methods: Five nutrition education modules were developed with key messages on healthy plate, fruits and vegetables, protein sources, nutrientdense sources of energy, and water and healthy beverages. Grades 2 and 3 students received 60 hours of nutrition education with a duration of 25 minutes per session. Students were divided into two groups: (1) nutrition education alone (n=83) and (2) nutrition education with feeding (n=83). Simultaneously, a total of nine onehour nutrition education sessions were conducted among mothers, following the same five modules taught to the students. Mothers were also grouped according to their child’s group.
Results: Student participants in both groups exhibited improvements in mean scores on knowledge, attitude, and behaviour (KAB) from baseline to end line. Based on results of mothers’ classes, mean post-test scores of participants were significantly higher than mean pre-test scores in both groups. Group 1 had a higher increase in score from 67.2±32.8 at pre-test to 71.8±33.7 in post-test.
Conclusion: The developed nutrition education modules were effective in teaching children proper nutrition. Incorporation of these modules into the K to 12 curriculum will emphasise importance of proper nutrition in early childhood. Moreover, mothers’ classes can be an effective way to bridge the gap between school and community nutrition interventions.
Key words: School-based nutrition education, nutrition knowledge scores, mothers’ nutrition classes
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Food consumption behaviours and associated
personal and socio-economic factors in elderly adults,
Northeastern Thailand
Pruksa Supannee
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0095
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This research was a cross-sectional study. The objective was to study food consumption behaviours and associated factors in elderly adults in the Northeastern Region.
Methods: The study included 1,336 older adults (age >60 years) from five provinces, i.e. Udornthani, Nakornratchasima, Mahasarakam, Nakhonpanom and Amnatcharoen. Random multi-stage sampling was used, and data were collected through interview. The statistics used for content analysis was percentage, mean, standard deviation (SD) and multiple logistic regression analysis.
Results: The food consumption behaviours of the study population was fair or poor (60.0%), followed by good (40.0%). Multiple logistic regression revealed that there were some personal factors that were significantly associated with food consumption behaviours. These factors included sex, education level, living condition, health condition, knowledge, attitude and preference of food. Regarding the effect of socioeconomic factors towards food consumption behaviours, it was found that those effects included food sources and food factors.
Conclusion: Local health authorities should pay attention to the factors mentioned above in order to designate policies or methods to oversee future food consumption behaviours in the elderly.
Key words: Food consumption behaviours, factors, elderly, Thailand
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Introduction: This research was a cross-sectional study. The objective was to study food consumption behaviours and associated factors in elderly adults in the Northeastern Region.
Methods: The study included 1,336 older adults (age >60 years) from five provinces, i.e. Udornthani, Nakornratchasima, Mahasarakam, Nakhonpanom and Amnatcharoen. Random multi-stage sampling was used, and data were collected through interview. The statistics used for content analysis was percentage, mean, standard deviation (SD) and multiple logistic regression analysis.
Results: The food consumption behaviours of the study population was fair or poor (60.0%), followed by good (40.0%). Multiple logistic regression revealed that there were some personal factors that were significantly associated with food consumption behaviours. These factors included sex, education level, living condition, health condition, knowledge, attitude and preference of food. Regarding the effect of socioeconomic factors towards food consumption behaviours, it was found that those effects included food sources and food factors.
Conclusion: Local health authorities should pay attention to the factors mentioned above in order to designate policies or methods to oversee future food consumption behaviours in the elderly.
Key words: Food consumption behaviours, factors, elderly, Thailand
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Randomised clinical trial of rice germ supplementation
on nutritional status and performance in trained
swimmers: A pilot study
Mariangela Rondanelli, Simone Perna, Gabriella Peroni, Milena A. Faliva,
Mara Nichetti, Giancarlo Iannello, Vittoria Infantino, Clara Gasparri,
Daniele Spadaccini & Davide Guido
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0071
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Rice germ (RG) could be a safe and effective dietary supplement for swimmers.
Methods: This randomised, parallel, placebo controlled pilot study investigated the effect of a five-week RG supplementation (25 grams/two times/day) in moderately trained swimmers on 50-m and 200-m front crawl at maximal speed, as primary outcome, and body composition, muscle function, post-concussion assessment, cognitive testing (ImPACT) and lactic acid levels, as secondary outcomes. Twenty seven moderately trained swimmers (7 women and 20 men) participated in the study.
Results: For primary outcome on 200-m front crawl at maximal speed, a significant average decrease of 2.98 seconds (p=0.022) was detected in RG group, but it was not significant compared to placebo. On 50-m front crawl at maximal speed, no statistically significant intra- or inter-group differences were detected. Regarding secondary outcomes, no difference was demonstrated between preperformance and post-performance lactic acid levels. Comparing the treatment with placebo across follow-up, mean mid-arm muscle circumference (MAC) increased weekly and significantly by 0.23 cm (p=0.026), as well as 0.36% for gynoid fat (p=0.005). In addition, a decrease of 0.13kg in fat-free mass (p=0.067) was also detected. No statistically significant intra- or inter-group differences were detected for secondary outcomes.
Conclusion: This pilot study provided early evidence that RG supplementation may positively affect nutritional status and partially, the performance of moderately trained swimmers. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms of action, the optimal timing of supplementation, as well as the most effective dose.
Key words: Rice germ, swimmers, nutritional supplement, lactic acid, fat-free mass
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Introduction: Rice germ (RG) could be a safe and effective dietary supplement for swimmers.
Methods: This randomised, parallel, placebo controlled pilot study investigated the effect of a five-week RG supplementation (25 grams/two times/day) in moderately trained swimmers on 50-m and 200-m front crawl at maximal speed, as primary outcome, and body composition, muscle function, post-concussion assessment, cognitive testing (ImPACT) and lactic acid levels, as secondary outcomes. Twenty seven moderately trained swimmers (7 women and 20 men) participated in the study.
Results: For primary outcome on 200-m front crawl at maximal speed, a significant average decrease of 2.98 seconds (p=0.022) was detected in RG group, but it was not significant compared to placebo. On 50-m front crawl at maximal speed, no statistically significant intra- or inter-group differences were detected. Regarding secondary outcomes, no difference was demonstrated between preperformance and post-performance lactic acid levels. Comparing the treatment with placebo across follow-up, mean mid-arm muscle circumference (MAC) increased weekly and significantly by 0.23 cm (p=0.026), as well as 0.36% for gynoid fat (p=0.005). In addition, a decrease of 0.13kg in fat-free mass (p=0.067) was also detected. No statistically significant intra- or inter-group differences were detected for secondary outcomes.
Conclusion: This pilot study provided early evidence that RG supplementation may positively affect nutritional status and partially, the performance of moderately trained swimmers. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms of action, the optimal timing of supplementation, as well as the most effective dose.
Key words: Rice germ, swimmers, nutritional supplement, lactic acid, fat-free mass
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Prevalence and factors associated with folate deficiency
among Filipino women of child-bearing age
Aiza Kris M. Bernardo, Normahitta P. Gordoncillo, Liezl M. Atienza, Maria
Theresa M. Talavera & Mariam C. Recuenco
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0075
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Folate deficiency is associated with many complications of pregnancy. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and factors associated with deficiency in red blood cell (RBC) folate among Filipino women of child-bearing age in the Province of Batangas, Philippines.
Methods: A total of 184 Filipino women aged 15 to 49 years were interviewed on their socio-economic and demographic profiles. Mean energy and folate intakes were obtained using food recalls over a three-month period. RBC folate was used to measure long-term folate status and analysed through immuno-assay method.
Results: About two in ten women were folate deficient based on the normal cut-off points (<400 ng/mL) preventive of neural tube defect-affected pregnancies. Respondents have very low intake of folate at 81 and 239 micrograms dietary folate equivalent (μg DFE) from dietary sources and with folic acid supplementation, respectively. Vegetable gardening and livestock raising (p<0.10) and use of folic-acid containing supplements showed significant correlations with folate status (p<0.05). Further, regression analysis showed that among the significant factors, the non-usage of folic acid-containing supplements showed increased likelihood of RBC folate deficiency by six times compared to users (OR=6.391, p<0.10).
Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest a high prevalence of folate deficiency among Filipino women. Folate is an essential nutrient for healthy pregnancy. It is important that women, capable of bearing a child must assure adequate folate intake from foods and folic-acid containing supplements. The study recommends a more aggressive campaign on the importance of folate among women of child-bearing age.
Key words: Folate, dietary folate equivalent, neural tube defects, red blood cell folate deficiency, women of child-bearing age
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Introduction: Folate deficiency is associated with many complications of pregnancy. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and factors associated with deficiency in red blood cell (RBC) folate among Filipino women of child-bearing age in the Province of Batangas, Philippines.
Methods: A total of 184 Filipino women aged 15 to 49 years were interviewed on their socio-economic and demographic profiles. Mean energy and folate intakes were obtained using food recalls over a three-month period. RBC folate was used to measure long-term folate status and analysed through immuno-assay method.
Results: About two in ten women were folate deficient based on the normal cut-off points (<400 ng/mL) preventive of neural tube defect-affected pregnancies. Respondents have very low intake of folate at 81 and 239 micrograms dietary folate equivalent (μg DFE) from dietary sources and with folic acid supplementation, respectively. Vegetable gardening and livestock raising (p<0.10) and use of folic-acid containing supplements showed significant correlations with folate status (p<0.05). Further, regression analysis showed that among the significant factors, the non-usage of folic acid-containing supplements showed increased likelihood of RBC folate deficiency by six times compared to users (OR=6.391, p<0.10).
Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest a high prevalence of folate deficiency among Filipino women. Folate is an essential nutrient for healthy pregnancy. It is important that women, capable of bearing a child must assure adequate folate intake from foods and folic-acid containing supplements. The study recommends a more aggressive campaign on the importance of folate among women of child-bearing age.
Key words: Folate, dietary folate equivalent, neural tube defects, red blood cell folate deficiency, women of child-bearing age
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Association between quality of life and handgrip
strength among malnourished gynaecological cancer
outpatients, National Cancer Institute
Aini Masitah Mohammad, Zalina Abu Zaid, Ho Chiou Yi, Zuriati Ibrahim,
Zulfitri ‘Azuan Mat Daud, Nor Baizura Md. Yusop, Norshariza Jamhuri &
Zuwariah Abd Rahman
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0096
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Malnutrition is common among cancer patients and it is reported in a significant proportion of patients with gynaecological cancer (GC). The aim of this study was to determine the association between quality of life (QOL) and hand grip strength (HGS) among malnourished GC outpatients in the National Cancer Institute (NCI).
Methods: This study was carried out in a Multidisciplinary Clinic of NCI. HGS was measured using Jamar Hand Dynamometer. Nutritional status was assessed using the scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PGSGA). QOL was measured using the validated European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ C30).
Results: A total of 69 patients were selected for the study. Fifty eight (84.1%) were classified as moderately malnourished or at risk of malnutrition (PG-SGA B) and 11 (15.9%) were classified as severely malnourished (PG-SGA C). There was a moderate, significant positive relationship between HGS and functional status (rs=0.275, p=0.022) observed in this study. Besides, in malnourished GC patients with low HGS, results indicated that they had problems with social functioning as well (r=0.255, p=0.035). Appetite was suggested as a predicting factor for low HGS among malnourished GC patients (F=12.253, p=0.001).
Conclusion: HGS is a simple objective indicator of functionality and is, therefore, a valid item to be measured when assessing QOL of malnourished GC outpatients.
Key words: Gynaecological cancer, nutritional status, quality of life, handgrip strength
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Introduction: Malnutrition is common among cancer patients and it is reported in a significant proportion of patients with gynaecological cancer (GC). The aim of this study was to determine the association between quality of life (QOL) and hand grip strength (HGS) among malnourished GC outpatients in the National Cancer Institute (NCI).
Methods: This study was carried out in a Multidisciplinary Clinic of NCI. HGS was measured using Jamar Hand Dynamometer. Nutritional status was assessed using the scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PGSGA). QOL was measured using the validated European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ C30).
Results: A total of 69 patients were selected for the study. Fifty eight (84.1%) were classified as moderately malnourished or at risk of malnutrition (PG-SGA B) and 11 (15.9%) were classified as severely malnourished (PG-SGA C). There was a moderate, significant positive relationship between HGS and functional status (rs=0.275, p=0.022) observed in this study. Besides, in malnourished GC patients with low HGS, results indicated that they had problems with social functioning as well (r=0.255, p=0.035). Appetite was suggested as a predicting factor for low HGS among malnourished GC patients (F=12.253, p=0.001).
Conclusion: HGS is a simple objective indicator of functionality and is, therefore, a valid item to be measured when assessing QOL of malnourished GC outpatients.
Key words: Gynaecological cancer, nutritional status, quality of life, handgrip strength
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Factors associated with malnutrition among head and
neck cancer in-patients before radiotherapy in National
Cancer Institute, Putrajaya
Neoh May Kay, Zalina Abu Zaid, Zuwariah Abdul Rahman, Norshariza
Jamhuri, Zuliehaiza Kahairudin, Siti Noraini Ahmad Samwil, Aeininhayatey
Abdullah, Ho Chiou Yi, Betti Sharina Haniff Lai, Ng Wai Han, Aini Masitah
Mohammad, Nor Baizura Md Yusop, Zuriati Ibrahim & Zulfitri 'Azuan Mat
Daud
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0094
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients are often malnourished during diagnosis and before treatment. This study determined the prevalence of malnutrition and factors associated with malnutrition among HNC patients.
Methods: A crosssectional study among HNC in-patients before radiotherapy was conducted. Malnutrition status of the patients was determined using scored Patient Generated- Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). Nutritional parameters of muscle mass, fat mass, albumin, energy and protein intakes were collected. Nutrition impact symptoms (NIS) of the patients were assessed using a validated Head and Neck Symptoms Checklist© (HNSC©).
Results: Fifty HNC patients were recruited in this study and the age range of patients was 21 to 78 years old, with gender distribution of 78% males and 22% females. More than half of the patients were malnourished, with 20% severely malnourished before radiotherapy. The lack of dietitian referral before treatment was found to significantly affect nutritional status (p=0.027). There was a significant negative relationship between energy intake (r=0.342, p=0.015) and protein intake (r=0.386, p=0.006) with PG-SGA, indicating lower energy and protein intakes related with poor nutritional status. The result showed a significant positive relationship between NIS score (r=0.731, p<0.001) and PG-SGA, indicating the lower the NIS, the better the nutritional status among HNC patients. More than half of the HNC patients had difficulty chewing.
Conclusion: A strong association between nutritional status and NIS showed the importance of dietary management in HNC patients. Early identification of the nutritional status of HNC patients can ensure optimal nutritional status to improve treatment outcomes.
Key words: Head and neck cancer, nutritional status, nutrition impact symptoms, energy intake, protein intake
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Introduction: Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients are often malnourished during diagnosis and before treatment. This study determined the prevalence of malnutrition and factors associated with malnutrition among HNC patients.
Methods: A crosssectional study among HNC in-patients before radiotherapy was conducted. Malnutrition status of the patients was determined using scored Patient Generated- Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). Nutritional parameters of muscle mass, fat mass, albumin, energy and protein intakes were collected. Nutrition impact symptoms (NIS) of the patients were assessed using a validated Head and Neck Symptoms Checklist© (HNSC©).
Results: Fifty HNC patients were recruited in this study and the age range of patients was 21 to 78 years old, with gender distribution of 78% males and 22% females. More than half of the patients were malnourished, with 20% severely malnourished before radiotherapy. The lack of dietitian referral before treatment was found to significantly affect nutritional status (p=0.027). There was a significant negative relationship between energy intake (r=0.342, p=0.015) and protein intake (r=0.386, p=0.006) with PG-SGA, indicating lower energy and protein intakes related with poor nutritional status. The result showed a significant positive relationship between NIS score (r=0.731, p<0.001) and PG-SGA, indicating the lower the NIS, the better the nutritional status among HNC patients. More than half of the HNC patients had difficulty chewing.
Conclusion: A strong association between nutritional status and NIS showed the importance of dietary management in HNC patients. Early identification of the nutritional status of HNC patients can ensure optimal nutritional status to improve treatment outcomes.
Key words: Head and neck cancer, nutritional status, nutrition impact symptoms, energy intake, protein intake
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Dietary diversity, vitamin D intake and childhood
stunting: a case-control study in Bantul, Indonesia
Eka Nurhayati, Bunga Astria Paramashanti, Dewi Astiti & Arif Sabta Aji
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0021
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Stunting is known to be a major public health problem among Indonesian children. We aimed to examine the association between dietary diversity and vitamin D intake with stunting in children aged 6-23 months.
Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Bantul District, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. A total of 79 subjects aged 6-23 months were selected for each case and control group based on their stunting status. We assessed potential explanatory variables at the child, parental, household, and community levels.
Results: Factors which were significantly associated with stunting included young children aged 18- 23 months (adjusted OR = 3.84; 95% CI: 1.17-12.26), birth length ≥48 cm (adjusted OR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.16-0.83), inadequate intake of vitamin D (adjusted OR = 5.18; 95% CI: 1.03-26.02), and diversified diet (adjusted OR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.03-0.92). Other variables such as household economic status, living residency, history of exclusive breastfeeding, and infectious diseases, as well as intakes of energy and protein were not significantly related to stunting.
Conclusion: Minimum dietary diversity, vitamin D intake from complementary foods, and birth length were associated with stunting status among children. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on stunting prevention programmes in the first two years of life, or even since the preconception period.
Key words: Stunting, dietary diversity, vitamin D, determinants, Indonesia
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Introduction: Stunting is known to be a major public health problem among Indonesian children. We aimed to examine the association between dietary diversity and vitamin D intake with stunting in children aged 6-23 months.
Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Bantul District, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. A total of 79 subjects aged 6-23 months were selected for each case and control group based on their stunting status. We assessed potential explanatory variables at the child, parental, household, and community levels.
Results: Factors which were significantly associated with stunting included young children aged 18- 23 months (adjusted OR = 3.84; 95% CI: 1.17-12.26), birth length ≥48 cm (adjusted OR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.16-0.83), inadequate intake of vitamin D (adjusted OR = 5.18; 95% CI: 1.03-26.02), and diversified diet (adjusted OR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.03-0.92). Other variables such as household economic status, living residency, history of exclusive breastfeeding, and infectious diseases, as well as intakes of energy and protein were not significantly related to stunting.
Conclusion: Minimum dietary diversity, vitamin D intake from complementary foods, and birth length were associated with stunting status among children. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on stunting prevention programmes in the first two years of life, or even since the preconception period.
Key words: Stunting, dietary diversity, vitamin D, determinants, Indonesia
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Anti-inflammatory effects of functional milk drink
enriched with soya bean sprout protein in breastfeeding
mothers
Hery Winarsi, Alice Yuniaty & Gumintang Ratna Ramadhan
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0110
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Increased metabolism during pregnancy and breastfeeding results in increased oxidative stress among mothers. However, daily intake of foods containing antioxidants can improve antioxidant and inflammatory status. The objectives of this research were to formulate a soya bean sprout protein milk (SSPM) functional drink; to know its protein and isoflavone contents; and its effect on interleukin 6 (IL-6) level in plasma and breast milk (BM) of breastfeeding mothers.
Methods: The study begun with the production of soya bean sprout protein extract (SSPE), followed by preparing five formulated SSPM, namely SSPE, low-calorie sweetener, fructose, skim milk, and salt. The formulated products were subjected to organoleptic test on a scale of 1 (extremely dislike) to 5 (extremely like). Fifty mothers aged 20-35 years who had a newborn up to six months old, in good health condition, and with informed consent were recruited. They were randomly divided into two groups: group I was fed SSPM for two months, 150 ml/day every morning, and group II was treated as placebo. Data were analysed with one-way analysis and paired sample t-test.
Results: The preferred SSPM composed of 65.0% SSPE, 1.5% low-calorie sweetener, 6.0% fructose, 27.0% skim milk, 0.5% salt, and containing 13.77±0.001% protein and 229.9±0.001mg/g isoflavone content. Two months after intervention, there was a decrease in the level of IL-6 by 82.5% in the plasma (p=0.015) and 68.1% in BM (p<0.05). Body mass index (BMI) decreased from 22.77 to 20.64 kg/m2 (p=0.019).
Conclusion: SSPM is a potential anti-inflammatory agent and has health benefits for breastfeeding mothers.
Key words: Formula of functional drinks, soya bean sprout protein milk, isoflavone, IL-6, BMI
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Introduction: Increased metabolism during pregnancy and breastfeeding results in increased oxidative stress among mothers. However, daily intake of foods containing antioxidants can improve antioxidant and inflammatory status. The objectives of this research were to formulate a soya bean sprout protein milk (SSPM) functional drink; to know its protein and isoflavone contents; and its effect on interleukin 6 (IL-6) level in plasma and breast milk (BM) of breastfeeding mothers.
Methods: The study begun with the production of soya bean sprout protein extract (SSPE), followed by preparing five formulated SSPM, namely SSPE, low-calorie sweetener, fructose, skim milk, and salt. The formulated products were subjected to organoleptic test on a scale of 1 (extremely dislike) to 5 (extremely like). Fifty mothers aged 20-35 years who had a newborn up to six months old, in good health condition, and with informed consent were recruited. They were randomly divided into two groups: group I was fed SSPM for two months, 150 ml/day every morning, and group II was treated as placebo. Data were analysed with one-way analysis and paired sample t-test.
Results: The preferred SSPM composed of 65.0% SSPE, 1.5% low-calorie sweetener, 6.0% fructose, 27.0% skim milk, 0.5% salt, and containing 13.77±0.001% protein and 229.9±0.001mg/g isoflavone content. Two months after intervention, there was a decrease in the level of IL-6 by 82.5% in the plasma (p=0.015) and 68.1% in BM (p<0.05). Body mass index (BMI) decreased from 22.77 to 20.64 kg/m2 (p=0.019).
Conclusion: SSPM is a potential anti-inflammatory agent and has health benefits for breastfeeding mothers.
Key words: Formula of functional drinks, soya bean sprout protein milk, isoflavone, IL-6, BMI
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The relationship between health risk and consumption
of confectioneries: An instrumental variable approach
Yong Kang Cheah, Mohd Azahadi, Noor Safiza Mohamad Nor, Siew Nooi
Phang & Noor Hazilah Abd Manaf
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0076
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Consumption of confectioneries is a determinant of health risk. However, how health risk determines the intake of confectioneries remains unclear. The objective is to examine how waist circumference (WC) as a measurement of health risk influences the consumption of confectioneries among adults. The research question is that do high-risk people consume more confectioneries than low-risk people?
Methods: A quantitative research design with a focus on establishing a correlation between the measurement of health risk and consumption of confectioneries was adopted. Secondary analysis of a nationally representative cross-sectional data was used. The population of interest was the Malaysian population, regardless of being obese or non-obese. Analyses stratified by body mass index (BMI) or WC were not conducted. An instrumental variable (IV) approach was used to estimate the regression of consumption of confectioneries. BMI was used as an IV for WC. In the first stage, we regressed WC on all exogenous variables, including BMI. Then, we replaced the original values of WC with the fitted values of WC.
Results: BMI was an appropriate IV for WC. An additional cm of WC was associated with a 0.022 unit of reduction in the serving of confectioneries per week. The negative relationship between WC and consumption of confectioneries indicated that adults who had high health risk consumed lesser confectioneries than adults who had low health risk.
Conclusion: Drawing from the IV regression results, the present study highlighted that people with high health risk, rather than people with low health risk, were less likely to consume confectioneries.
Key words: Body mass index, confectionery, health risk, obesity, waist circumference
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Introduction: Consumption of confectioneries is a determinant of health risk. However, how health risk determines the intake of confectioneries remains unclear. The objective is to examine how waist circumference (WC) as a measurement of health risk influences the consumption of confectioneries among adults. The research question is that do high-risk people consume more confectioneries than low-risk people?
Methods: A quantitative research design with a focus on establishing a correlation between the measurement of health risk and consumption of confectioneries was adopted. Secondary analysis of a nationally representative cross-sectional data was used. The population of interest was the Malaysian population, regardless of being obese or non-obese. Analyses stratified by body mass index (BMI) or WC were not conducted. An instrumental variable (IV) approach was used to estimate the regression of consumption of confectioneries. BMI was used as an IV for WC. In the first stage, we regressed WC on all exogenous variables, including BMI. Then, we replaced the original values of WC with the fitted values of WC.
Results: BMI was an appropriate IV for WC. An additional cm of WC was associated with a 0.022 unit of reduction in the serving of confectioneries per week. The negative relationship between WC and consumption of confectioneries indicated that adults who had high health risk consumed lesser confectioneries than adults who had low health risk.
Conclusion: Drawing from the IV regression results, the present study highlighted that people with high health risk, rather than people with low health risk, were less likely to consume confectioneries.
Key words: Body mass index, confectionery, health risk, obesity, waist circumference
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Malaysian Journal of Nutrition (Mal J Nutr)
Volume 26 No.3, 2020
Table of Content
Factors influencing malnutrition in Filipino elderly
Nancy A. Tandang, Reanne Len C. Arlan & Gerard C. Navarro
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The elderly population is susceptible to malnutrition due to the physiological and functional changes caused by ageing. Hence, to prevent the degenerative nutritional conditions of the elderly and improve their quality of life, this study aimed to determine the influencing factors of malnutrition among Filipino elderly.
Methods: Anthropometric component data from the 8th National Nutrition Survey (NNS) were utilised along with the nutritional status of Filipino elderly, based on body mass index as the dependent variable and variables from the clinical and health, dietary, and socioeconomic components of NNS as explanatory factors. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was then performed in fitting models.
Results: High magnitude and severity of malnutrition were observed among Filipino elderly – 20.2% were underweight and 24.8% were overweight. Significant influencing factors in estimating an elderly’s odds of being underweight were the elderly’s age group, presence of hypertension, presence of anaemia, and adequacy of vitamin A intake. Whereas, significant influencing factors in estimating an elderly’s odds of being overweight/obese included highest educational attainment, presence of anaemia, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidaemia.
Conclusion: Knowing the influencing factors may help the elderly become more aware and conscious of their health, as well as to promote nutrient intakes to prevent malnutrition that can worsen their health conditions. Additionally, concerned institutions in the country could use the findings of this study as one of the bases in strengthening their approach and implementation or even provide relevant and timely policies and programmes that address malnutrition in the elderly of this country.
Key words: Multinomial logistic regression, nutritional status, elderly
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Introduction: The elderly population is susceptible to malnutrition due to the physiological and functional changes caused by ageing. Hence, to prevent the degenerative nutritional conditions of the elderly and improve their quality of life, this study aimed to determine the influencing factors of malnutrition among Filipino elderly.
Methods: Anthropometric component data from the 8th National Nutrition Survey (NNS) were utilised along with the nutritional status of Filipino elderly, based on body mass index as the dependent variable and variables from the clinical and health, dietary, and socioeconomic components of NNS as explanatory factors. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was then performed in fitting models.
Results: High magnitude and severity of malnutrition were observed among Filipino elderly – 20.2% were underweight and 24.8% were overweight. Significant influencing factors in estimating an elderly’s odds of being underweight were the elderly’s age group, presence of hypertension, presence of anaemia, and adequacy of vitamin A intake. Whereas, significant influencing factors in estimating an elderly’s odds of being overweight/obese included highest educational attainment, presence of anaemia, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidaemia.
Conclusion: Knowing the influencing factors may help the elderly become more aware and conscious of their health, as well as to promote nutrient intakes to prevent malnutrition that can worsen their health conditions. Additionally, concerned institutions in the country could use the findings of this study as one of the bases in strengthening their approach and implementation or even provide relevant and timely policies and programmes that address malnutrition in the elderly of this country.
Key words: Multinomial logistic regression, nutritional status, elderly
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Validation and dimensional analysis of the eating
behaviour pattern questionnaire among Malaysian
university students
Maryam Kheirollahpour, Asma Ahmad Shariff, Amir Feisal Merican &
Mahmoud Danaee
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0005
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Eating behaviour pattern is among the key behavioural factors that contribute to eating disorders. Hence, to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Eating Behaviour Pattern Questionnaire (EBPQ) that is used in epidemiological studies to measure the relationship between health outcomes and eating behaviour patterns, this study aimed to validate the adopted version of the EBPQ and to check the validity and reliability of this tool in University of Malaya, Malaysia.
Methods: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to determine the most appropriate factor structure of EBPQ. Moreover, structural equation modelling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were applied to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of EBPQ. As for the participants of the study, multi-stage random sampling was used and 200 students (109 females and 91 males) from University of Malaya were chosen.
Results: The EFA yielded nine components of EBPQ including emotional eating, eating outside, cultural habit, low-fat eating, meal skipping, snacking, healthy eating, planning for food and sweets, which explained 67.7% of the total variance. Furthermore, the Cronbach’s α was about 0.8 for all components, which exhibited a high internal consistency among the obtained components. The results showed that the questionnaire had sufficient convergent and discriminant validity.
Conclusion: The EBPQ was proven to be a reliable tool to measure the eating behaviour patterns in Malaysian university students. The presence of adequate validity and reliability supports this instrument’s psychometric properties for future studies.
Key words: Eating Behaviour Pattern Questionnaire, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modelling
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Introduction: Eating behaviour pattern is among the key behavioural factors that contribute to eating disorders. Hence, to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Eating Behaviour Pattern Questionnaire (EBPQ) that is used in epidemiological studies to measure the relationship between health outcomes and eating behaviour patterns, this study aimed to validate the adopted version of the EBPQ and to check the validity and reliability of this tool in University of Malaya, Malaysia.
Methods: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to determine the most appropriate factor structure of EBPQ. Moreover, structural equation modelling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were applied to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of EBPQ. As for the participants of the study, multi-stage random sampling was used and 200 students (109 females and 91 males) from University of Malaya were chosen.
Results: The EFA yielded nine components of EBPQ including emotional eating, eating outside, cultural habit, low-fat eating, meal skipping, snacking, healthy eating, planning for food and sweets, which explained 67.7% of the total variance. Furthermore, the Cronbach’s α was about 0.8 for all components, which exhibited a high internal consistency among the obtained components. The results showed that the questionnaire had sufficient convergent and discriminant validity.
Conclusion: The EBPQ was proven to be a reliable tool to measure the eating behaviour patterns in Malaysian university students. The presence of adequate validity and reliability supports this instrument’s psychometric properties for future studies.
Key words: Eating Behaviour Pattern Questionnaire, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modelling
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‘MAPAGI’ video game upgraded breakfast attitude
among urban elementary school children in West
Jakarta, Indonesia
Dudung Angkasa, Riri Amanda Pratiwi & Idrus Jus’at
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0127
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Skipping breakfast may contribute to poor academic and nutritional status among school children. The current study aimed to determine the effect of the ‘MAPAGI’ (Makan Pagi Bergizi) interactive video game on elementary student’s breakfast knowledge and attitude.
Methods: This was a quasi-experimental equivalent group study with a pre-post test control group design. In total, 228 students aged 9-11 years were drawn by proportional stratified random sampling from two urban schools and were distributed equally into intervention (IG) and control groups (CG). Both groups were administered with similar printed media for 10-15 minutes. Video game was delivered only to IG for two consecutive days, 30 minutes each day. Pre-test (PT0) was performed a day before leaflet administration, while post-test was performed twice – after leaflet administration (post-test 1/ PT1) and a week after the last video game (post-test 2/PT2). Paired, independent t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were employed to answer the research questions.
Results: The mean changes (PT1-PT0 and PT2-PT0) in knowledge score for IG (4.82±2.53 and 3.25±2.47) significantly differed compared to CG (1.75±2.66 and 1.25±2.69). The mean changes in attitude score for IG (7.16±7.17 and 7.34±7.11) also significantly differed compared to CG (2.83±6.58 and 2.64±6.90). After adjustment for potential confounding factors, there was still a significantly greater score in children’s knowledge and attitude after a week’s administration of MAPAGI video game in IG.
Conclusion: ‘MAPAGI’ improved school children’s knowledge and attitude, which may lead to the good behaviour of having breakfast.
Key words: Breakfast, nutrition education, knowledge, attitude, video game
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Introduction: Skipping breakfast may contribute to poor academic and nutritional status among school children. The current study aimed to determine the effect of the ‘MAPAGI’ (Makan Pagi Bergizi) interactive video game on elementary student’s breakfast knowledge and attitude.
Methods: This was a quasi-experimental equivalent group study with a pre-post test control group design. In total, 228 students aged 9-11 years were drawn by proportional stratified random sampling from two urban schools and were distributed equally into intervention (IG) and control groups (CG). Both groups were administered with similar printed media for 10-15 minutes. Video game was delivered only to IG for two consecutive days, 30 minutes each day. Pre-test (PT0) was performed a day before leaflet administration, while post-test was performed twice – after leaflet administration (post-test 1/ PT1) and a week after the last video game (post-test 2/PT2). Paired, independent t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were employed to answer the research questions.
Results: The mean changes (PT1-PT0 and PT2-PT0) in knowledge score for IG (4.82±2.53 and 3.25±2.47) significantly differed compared to CG (1.75±2.66 and 1.25±2.69). The mean changes in attitude score for IG (7.16±7.17 and 7.34±7.11) also significantly differed compared to CG (2.83±6.58 and 2.64±6.90). After adjustment for potential confounding factors, there was still a significantly greater score in children’s knowledge and attitude after a week’s administration of MAPAGI video game in IG.
Conclusion: ‘MAPAGI’ improved school children’s knowledge and attitude, which may lead to the good behaviour of having breakfast.
Key words: Breakfast, nutrition education, knowledge, attitude, video game
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Effect of polydextrose-containing beverage on bowel
habits and gastrointestinal symptoms of constipated
subjects: a pilot study
Mohamad Yulianto Kurniawan, Nourmatania Istiftiani, Lilis Heryati, Christian
Reinaldo & Fendy Susanto
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0052
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Indonesians have a low intake of dietary fibre, a key component for an increased incidence in constipation. Available data have documented the benefits of polydextrose (PDX) in healthy subjects. However, data on constipated subjects are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the effect of consuming a PDX (prebiotic) beverage on bowel habits and gastrointestinal symptoms of constipated subjects over seven days.
Methods: This was a randomised, non-blinded, nonplacebo- controlled parallel design study involving 24 subjects, divided equally into two groups. Group A (active control group) consisted of 12 subjects, consuming one serving size of 6g PDX beverage. While Group B (intervention group) consisted of 12 subjects, consuming two servings of the same product, containing 12g PDX beverage. Changes in bowel habits (constipation score, stool frequency and stool consistency) and gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating and flatulence) were monitored.
Results: Within seven days, Group B showed 4.9% more reduction in overall constipation mean score than that of Group A. Positive improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms were reported: i.e. abdominal pain (ΔM = -0.08±0.43), bloating (ΔM = -0.29±0.37) and flatulence (ΔM = -0.17±0.47). Majority of subjects had desirable stool frequency (87.5%, >3 defecations/week) and stool consistency (58.3%, type 4). These improvements were due to the fact that PDX provides physiological effects consistent with prebiotic fibre, which alters the gut microbiota composition during the fermentation cycle in the large intestine.
Conclusion: Findings of this study suggested that daily PDX beverage consumption effectively improved bowel habits, with fewer constipated subjects reporting of gastrointestinal symptoms.
Key words: Bowel habits, constipation, dietary fibre, gastrointestinal symptoms, polydextrose
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Introduction: Indonesians have a low intake of dietary fibre, a key component for an increased incidence in constipation. Available data have documented the benefits of polydextrose (PDX) in healthy subjects. However, data on constipated subjects are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the effect of consuming a PDX (prebiotic) beverage on bowel habits and gastrointestinal symptoms of constipated subjects over seven days.
Methods: This was a randomised, non-blinded, nonplacebo- controlled parallel design study involving 24 subjects, divided equally into two groups. Group A (active control group) consisted of 12 subjects, consuming one serving size of 6g PDX beverage. While Group B (intervention group) consisted of 12 subjects, consuming two servings of the same product, containing 12g PDX beverage. Changes in bowel habits (constipation score, stool frequency and stool consistency) and gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating and flatulence) were monitored.
Results: Within seven days, Group B showed 4.9% more reduction in overall constipation mean score than that of Group A. Positive improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms were reported: i.e. abdominal pain (ΔM = -0.08±0.43), bloating (ΔM = -0.29±0.37) and flatulence (ΔM = -0.17±0.47). Majority of subjects had desirable stool frequency (87.5%, >3 defecations/week) and stool consistency (58.3%, type 4). These improvements were due to the fact that PDX provides physiological effects consistent with prebiotic fibre, which alters the gut microbiota composition during the fermentation cycle in the large intestine.
Conclusion: Findings of this study suggested that daily PDX beverage consumption effectively improved bowel habits, with fewer constipated subjects reporting of gastrointestinal symptoms.
Key words: Bowel habits, constipation, dietary fibre, gastrointestinal symptoms, polydextrose
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Validation of the Turkish version Power of the Food
Scale (PFS) for determining hedonic hunger status and
correlate between PFS and body mass index
Akçil Ok Mehtap & Hayzaran Melisa
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0129
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study was carried out to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish culture-adapted version of “Power of the Food Scale” (PFS), which was originally developed by Lowe et al. (2009). In addition, associations between body mass index (BMI) and PFS scores were assessed.
Methods: The study sample consisted of a total of 363 volunteering students aged >18 years, who were studying at the Bas¸kent University in Turkey. Validity and reliability analyses were conducted for the Turkish version of the PFS.
Results: The correlations of each item in the PFS with the total score were found to be positive and >0.30. The Cronbach’s alpha value was determined as 0.85. The construct validity of the scale was analysed with confirmatory factor analysis. The Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index was 0.97 and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation was 0.07. These fit indices of the model confirmed the construct validity of the PFS. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between BMI values of the students and the total score of the scale (r=0.157; p=0.003).
Conclusion: The findings obtained in this study have laid out that the Turkish Power of Food Scale (T-PFS), which was adapted to Turkish culture from PFS, is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be applied in Turkey. Thus, T-PFS is thought to be likely to contribute to studies aiming to determine the status of hedonic hunger.
Key words: Hedonic hunger, power of food scale, Turkey university students
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Introduction: This study was carried out to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish culture-adapted version of “Power of the Food Scale” (PFS), which was originally developed by Lowe et al. (2009). In addition, associations between body mass index (BMI) and PFS scores were assessed.
Methods: The study sample consisted of a total of 363 volunteering students aged >18 years, who were studying at the Bas¸kent University in Turkey. Validity and reliability analyses were conducted for the Turkish version of the PFS.
Results: The correlations of each item in the PFS with the total score were found to be positive and >0.30. The Cronbach’s alpha value was determined as 0.85. The construct validity of the scale was analysed with confirmatory factor analysis. The Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index was 0.97 and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation was 0.07. These fit indices of the model confirmed the construct validity of the PFS. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between BMI values of the students and the total score of the scale (r=0.157; p=0.003).
Conclusion: The findings obtained in this study have laid out that the Turkish Power of Food Scale (T-PFS), which was adapted to Turkish culture from PFS, is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be applied in Turkey. Thus, T-PFS is thought to be likely to contribute to studies aiming to determine the status of hedonic hunger.
Key words: Hedonic hunger, power of food scale, Turkey university students
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Perspectives of Malaysian parents on eating out: A
qualitative analysis
Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar, Ruzita Abd. Talib & Norimah A. Karim
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0137
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The culture of eating out among Malaysians has substantially increased in recent years due to the urbanisation of the society. Frequent eating out has been linked with reduced quality of diet, reduced intake of micronutrients, and increased weight gain. This study aims to explore specific factors on the perceptions and behaviours related to eating out from the perspective of parents.
Methods: A qualitative study was carried out among 27 informants from various ethnicities and locations in Peninsular Malaysia. All sessions were audio-recorded, fully transcribed and analysed using thematic content analysis.
Results: The main overarching theme that surfaced from this study was the role of parents in shaping the practice of eating out. Time constraints due to parents’ work commitments, the availability of various food outlets, increase in family bonding time and food preferences were recurring themes revealed by informants as facilitating factors to eating out. Other emerging themes, such as hygiene of food premises and cost of food, posed as barriers to eating out.
Conclusion: These findings offered a better understanding on the eating out practices of a family from the parents’ perspective. Information as such could be incorporated in strategies to enhance the promotion of healthy eating and nutrition interventions that aim to inculcate healthy food choices while eating out.
Key words: Eating out, parents, qualitative study, Malaysia
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Introduction: The culture of eating out among Malaysians has substantially increased in recent years due to the urbanisation of the society. Frequent eating out has been linked with reduced quality of diet, reduced intake of micronutrients, and increased weight gain. This study aims to explore specific factors on the perceptions and behaviours related to eating out from the perspective of parents.
Methods: A qualitative study was carried out among 27 informants from various ethnicities and locations in Peninsular Malaysia. All sessions were audio-recorded, fully transcribed and analysed using thematic content analysis.
Results: The main overarching theme that surfaced from this study was the role of parents in shaping the practice of eating out. Time constraints due to parents’ work commitments, the availability of various food outlets, increase in family bonding time and food preferences were recurring themes revealed by informants as facilitating factors to eating out. Other emerging themes, such as hygiene of food premises and cost of food, posed as barriers to eating out.
Conclusion: These findings offered a better understanding on the eating out practices of a family from the parents’ perspective. Information as such could be incorporated in strategies to enhance the promotion of healthy eating and nutrition interventions that aim to inculcate healthy food choices while eating out.
Key words: Eating out, parents, qualitative study, Malaysia
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Effects of repeated deep-frying on fatty acid profiles of
potato fries and frying oils: soybean oil, canola oil and
their 1:1 blend
Michelle Ting Yun Yeo, Xinyan Bi & Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0011
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study looked at the fatty acid composition changes in potato fries fried in three different types of oils, namely soybean oil (SO), canola oil (CO), and a 1:1 blend of soybean oil and canola oil (SCO), throughout an intermittent frying process of 80 batches in five consecutive days. The study also examined the fatty acid composition changes in SO, CO and SCO during the frying process.
Methods: Fat from potato fries (extracted by Soxtec system) and oil samples from the corresponding frying oil were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) to examine the fatty acid profile changes during the deep-frying process.
Results: Linoleic acid (LA) and a-linolenic acid (ALA) in all three oils decreased, while oleic acid (C18:1), stearic acid (C18:0), palmitic acid (C16:0) and octanoic acid (C8:0) increased. Formation of C18:1 trans fatty acid was observed as the frying time increased. The fatty acid composition of the potato fries was consistent with the fatty acid composition of the corresponding frying oils.
Conclusion: Our results showed that blending soybean oil and canola oil did not significantly improve the frying stability of the resulting oil in terms of fatty acid profile. Due to the formation of trans fatty acids and the decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids, our study also recommends not to use the same frying oil repeatedly and not to consume food products cooked in reused oil.
Key words: Deep frying, reused oil, fatty acid, potatoes
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Introduction: This study looked at the fatty acid composition changes in potato fries fried in three different types of oils, namely soybean oil (SO), canola oil (CO), and a 1:1 blend of soybean oil and canola oil (SCO), throughout an intermittent frying process of 80 batches in five consecutive days. The study also examined the fatty acid composition changes in SO, CO and SCO during the frying process.
Methods: Fat from potato fries (extracted by Soxtec system) and oil samples from the corresponding frying oil were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) to examine the fatty acid profile changes during the deep-frying process.
Results: Linoleic acid (LA) and a-linolenic acid (ALA) in all three oils decreased, while oleic acid (C18:1), stearic acid (C18:0), palmitic acid (C16:0) and octanoic acid (C8:0) increased. Formation of C18:1 trans fatty acid was observed as the frying time increased. The fatty acid composition of the potato fries was consistent with the fatty acid composition of the corresponding frying oils.
Conclusion: Our results showed that blending soybean oil and canola oil did not significantly improve the frying stability of the resulting oil in terms of fatty acid profile. Due to the formation of trans fatty acids and the decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids, our study also recommends not to use the same frying oil repeatedly and not to consume food products cooked in reused oil.
Key words: Deep frying, reused oil, fatty acid, potatoes
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A cross-sectional study on nutritional status and
dietary patterns of children with autism
Md. Nazrul Islam, Farzana Sultana Bari, Sampad Malakar Chayon, Farhana
Yesmin, Sharmin Akter & Salma Bintey Kashem
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0126
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Literature revealed that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) experience significantly more feeding problems and obesity compared to their peers. This study was designed to investigate the nutritional status and dietary patterns of children with autism in different age groups in Dhaka city, Bangladesh.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 193 individuals with ASD. A questionnaire was used as a tool to collect information from the mother of the respondents and anthropometric assessments were conducted by measuring height and weight. The dietary patterns of the respondents were taken using a food frequency questionnaire.
Results: The age range of the participants were between 3-18 years. It was found that 11.9%, 19.7% and 23.3% of the participants were underweight, overweight and obese, respectively according to Body Mass Index (BMI)-for-age. About 70% of the respondents had medium Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS). In addition, the association between IDDS and obesity was significantly correlated (p=0.00). Individuals with ASD exhibited similar food preferences across most age groups with little changes.
Conclusion: Our study figured out that the prevalence of overweight increased in accordance with age among children with ASD. They have a tendency to prefer likeness and routine in their diet, which expands the tendency to have an imbalanced diet. A dietary guideline including seven food groups should be followed to improve their nutritional status and dietary practices.
Key words: Our study figured out that the prevalence of overweight increased in accordance with age among children with ASD. They have a tendency to prefer likeness and routine in their diet, which expands the tendency to have an imbalanced diet. A dietary guideline including seven food groups should be followed to improve their nutritional status and dietary practices.
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Introduction: Literature revealed that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) experience significantly more feeding problems and obesity compared to their peers. This study was designed to investigate the nutritional status and dietary patterns of children with autism in different age groups in Dhaka city, Bangladesh.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 193 individuals with ASD. A questionnaire was used as a tool to collect information from the mother of the respondents and anthropometric assessments were conducted by measuring height and weight. The dietary patterns of the respondents were taken using a food frequency questionnaire.
Results: The age range of the participants were between 3-18 years. It was found that 11.9%, 19.7% and 23.3% of the participants were underweight, overweight and obese, respectively according to Body Mass Index (BMI)-for-age. About 70% of the respondents had medium Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS). In addition, the association between IDDS and obesity was significantly correlated (p=0.00). Individuals with ASD exhibited similar food preferences across most age groups with little changes.
Conclusion: Our study figured out that the prevalence of overweight increased in accordance with age among children with ASD. They have a tendency to prefer likeness and routine in their diet, which expands the tendency to have an imbalanced diet. A dietary guideline including seven food groups should be followed to improve their nutritional status and dietary practices.
Key words: Our study figured out that the prevalence of overweight increased in accordance with age among children with ASD. They have a tendency to prefer likeness and routine in their diet, which expands the tendency to have an imbalanced diet. A dietary guideline including seven food groups should be followed to improve their nutritional status and dietary practices.
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Financial problems associated with food insecurity
among public university students in Peninsular
Malaysia
Nurulhudha Mohd Jamil, Norhasmah Sulaiman, Siti Nur’Asyura Adznam & Shamsul Azahari Zainal Badari
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0032
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Food is a necessity for students. Yet, students’ food expenditure is anticipated to be restrained by their financial status. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the prevalence of food insecurity and its determinants among university students attending public universities in Peninsular Malaysia.
Methods: Multistage random sampling was used to select respondents from public universities in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 427 undergraduate students completed a selfadministered questionnaire at four randomly selected universities (Universiti Utara Malaysia, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Pahang and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia). The questionnaire consisted of information concerning demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds, food security status, eating behaviour, financial literacy, and financial problem among university students. Frequency, chi-square, and logistic regression were used to analyse the variables.
Results: Mean age of the respondents was 21.6 years, and 60.9% were found to be food insecure. Gender (χ2=5.415), origin (χ2=3.871), number of siblings (χ2=4.521), financial problem (χ2=42.364), and regular breakfast intake (χ2=5.654) were associated with food security status (p<0.05). Male respondents had 1.5 times (AOR=1.547, 95% CI: 1.006-2.380) the risk of having low food security status. Those with higher financial problems (AOR=3.575, 95% CI: 2.332-5.481) were 3.5 times more likely to be food insecure.
Conclusion: The prevalence of food insecurity among public university students in Peninsular Malaysia was significantly high. Thus, intervention studies should focus on students with financial problems. Moreover, establishing a better system for an on campus food pantry or food bank is needed to counter the high prevalence of food insecurity among university students.
Key words: Food insecurity, financial literacy, financial problem, meal skipping, university students
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Introduction: Food is a necessity for students. Yet, students’ food expenditure is anticipated to be restrained by their financial status. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the prevalence of food insecurity and its determinants among university students attending public universities in Peninsular Malaysia.
Methods: Multistage random sampling was used to select respondents from public universities in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 427 undergraduate students completed a selfadministered questionnaire at four randomly selected universities (Universiti Utara Malaysia, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Pahang and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia). The questionnaire consisted of information concerning demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds, food security status, eating behaviour, financial literacy, and financial problem among university students. Frequency, chi-square, and logistic regression were used to analyse the variables.
Results: Mean age of the respondents was 21.6 years, and 60.9% were found to be food insecure. Gender (χ2=5.415), origin (χ2=3.871), number of siblings (χ2=4.521), financial problem (χ2=42.364), and regular breakfast intake (χ2=5.654) were associated with food security status (p<0.05). Male respondents had 1.5 times (AOR=1.547, 95% CI: 1.006-2.380) the risk of having low food security status. Those with higher financial problems (AOR=3.575, 95% CI: 2.332-5.481) were 3.5 times more likely to be food insecure.
Conclusion: The prevalence of food insecurity among public university students in Peninsular Malaysia was significantly high. Thus, intervention studies should focus on students with financial problems. Moreover, establishing a better system for an on campus food pantry or food bank is needed to counter the high prevalence of food insecurity among university students.
Key words: Food insecurity, financial literacy, financial problem, meal skipping, university students
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Effects of occupational sunlight exposure and monsoon
season on vitamin D concentration among outdoor and
indoor workers in Malaysia
Norliyana Aris, Amal K. Mitra, Wan Mohd Izani Bin Wan Mohamed, Wan
Abdul Manan Bin Wan Muda & Hamid Jan Bin Jan Mohamed
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0038
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Despite abundant sunshine for cutaneous vitamin D synthesis, low levels of vitamin D have been documented among the Malaysian population. The aim of this study was to characterise the effects of occupational sunlight exposure and monsoon season on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration.
Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was performed among Malay outdoor (n=119) and indoor workers (n=119) in Kelantan. Two-point data were collected on the same participants, first during non-monsoon season and second during the northeast monsoon season. Data collection comprised of anthropometry measurements (body mass index and body fat), fasting blood test [serum 25(OH)D concentration], and questionnaire (physical activity level, sun exposure, sun protection use, and vitamin D intake). Vitamin D classification was based on the 2011 Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines.
Results: This study found that serum 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly higher in outdoor compared to indoor workers irrespective of season (p<0.001) and sex (p<0.001). Monsoonal differences in serum 25(OH)D concentration was only observed in male outdoor workers (mean difference=10.39 nmol/l, p<0.001). Significant association between vitamin D status and occupation was also observed (p<0.001). However, no significant association was found between vitamin D status and monsoon season [χ2(1)=0.076, p=0.783].
Conclusion: Seasonal and occupational factors should be considered while evaluating individual serum 25(OH)D concentration and in comparing community studies, especially among workers.
Key words: 25-hydroxyvitamin D, occupation, monsoon, sunlight exposure
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Introduction: Despite abundant sunshine for cutaneous vitamin D synthesis, low levels of vitamin D have been documented among the Malaysian population. The aim of this study was to characterise the effects of occupational sunlight exposure and monsoon season on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration.
Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was performed among Malay outdoor (n=119) and indoor workers (n=119) in Kelantan. Two-point data were collected on the same participants, first during non-monsoon season and second during the northeast monsoon season. Data collection comprised of anthropometry measurements (body mass index and body fat), fasting blood test [serum 25(OH)D concentration], and questionnaire (physical activity level, sun exposure, sun protection use, and vitamin D intake). Vitamin D classification was based on the 2011 Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines.
Results: This study found that serum 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly higher in outdoor compared to indoor workers irrespective of season (p<0.001) and sex (p<0.001). Monsoonal differences in serum 25(OH)D concentration was only observed in male outdoor workers (mean difference=10.39 nmol/l, p<0.001). Significant association between vitamin D status and occupation was also observed (p<0.001). However, no significant association was found between vitamin D status and monsoon season [χ2(1)=0.076, p=0.783].
Conclusion: Seasonal and occupational factors should be considered while evaluating individual serum 25(OH)D concentration and in comparing community studies, especially among workers.
Key words: 25-hydroxyvitamin D, occupation, monsoon, sunlight exposure
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Nutritional status and other predictors of immune
response recovery among HIV-AIDS patients receiving
antiretroviral therapy in Dr. Sardjito Hospital,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a retrospective cohort study
Ika Puspita Asturiningtyas, Yanri Wijayanti Subronto & Nur Aini
Kusmayanti
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0018
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Nutritional status and immune response of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV-AIDS) patients are closely connected. There are limited studies assessing the influence of Body Mass Index (BMI) on immune response recovery among HIV patients in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify the BMI and other predictors of immune response recovery among HIV-AIDS patients following two years of Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy.
Methods: This research was a retrospective cohort study among HIV-AIDS patients who started ARV therapy from January 2014 to December 2016 at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. Data were collected from ARV registry and medical reports. Data were analysed using linear regression.
Results: A total of 255 patients were included in the study, with a median BMI of 20.07 kg/m2. Results showed that BMI was not significantly correlated with immune response recovery at the 6th, 12th, 18th, and 24th months of ARV therapy (p>0.05). But, the increase in cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cell count was higher in overweight and pre-obese patients than underweight patients, especially in the 18th and 24th months of therapy. Factors related to immune response recovery were the regularity of treatment at the 12th, 18th, and 24th months of ARV therapy, and the use of Tenofovir at 18th-month therapy (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Immune response recovery was higher in overweight and pre-obese patients. Using Tenofovir type ARV and doing treatment regularly can increase CD4 cell counts. Underweight patients need to enhance their nutritional status to improve their immune response during ARV therapy.
Key words: Nutritional status, body mass index, human immunodeficiency virus, immune response, CD4
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Introduction: Nutritional status and immune response of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV-AIDS) patients are closely connected. There are limited studies assessing the influence of Body Mass Index (BMI) on immune response recovery among HIV patients in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify the BMI and other predictors of immune response recovery among HIV-AIDS patients following two years of Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy.
Methods: This research was a retrospective cohort study among HIV-AIDS patients who started ARV therapy from January 2014 to December 2016 at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. Data were collected from ARV registry and medical reports. Data were analysed using linear regression.
Results: A total of 255 patients were included in the study, with a median BMI of 20.07 kg/m2. Results showed that BMI was not significantly correlated with immune response recovery at the 6th, 12th, 18th, and 24th months of ARV therapy (p>0.05). But, the increase in cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cell count was higher in overweight and pre-obese patients than underweight patients, especially in the 18th and 24th months of therapy. Factors related to immune response recovery were the regularity of treatment at the 12th, 18th, and 24th months of ARV therapy, and the use of Tenofovir at 18th-month therapy (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Immune response recovery was higher in overweight and pre-obese patients. Using Tenofovir type ARV and doing treatment regularly can increase CD4 cell counts. Underweight patients need to enhance their nutritional status to improve their immune response during ARV therapy.
Key words: Nutritional status, body mass index, human immunodeficiency virus, immune response, CD4
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Fish oil capsule supplementation in children with
obesity reduced c-reactive protein and improved blood
pressure
I Gusti Lanang Sidiartha, Putu Diah Vedaswari & I Wayan Bikin Suryawan
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0132
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Excessive accumulation of body fat in obesity increases morbidities such as hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on the level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and blood pressure in children with obesity.
Methods: Fifty obese children, aged 6-10 years, were randomly assigned to the supplementation group (n=25) who received EPA and DHA supplementation or to the placebo group (n=25) for eight weeks. The trial was done in a single centre in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Randomisation and allocation to the trial group were done by a computer system. The primary analysis was comparing the blood pressure and hs-CRP level between groups. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) tests were done to compare the differences between groups, with a p-value <0.05 considered as significant.
Results: A total of 44 children completed the study, 24 (54.5%) were males and 20 (45.5%) were females. Initially, the systolic/diastolic blood pressure and hs-CRP level in the supplementation and placebo groups were 109.5/72.7 mmHg and 3.5 mg/L, 107.9/68.4 mmHg and 2.8 mg/L, respectively. At the end, they were 106.3/67.7 mmHg and 1.7 mg/L, and 108.1/71.8 mmHg and 2.8 mg/L, respectively. Systolic-, diastolic blood pressure and hs-CRP level were decreased by -2.6 mmHg (95% CI: -6.9 to 1.6; p=0.220), -7.5 mmHg (95% CI: -12.4 to -2.6; p=0.004), and -1.15 mg/L (95% CI: -2.1 to -0.2; p=0.022), respectively.
Conclusion: EPA and DHA supplementation in obese children showed significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure and hs-CRP level.
Key words: Fatty acid, inflammation, cytokine
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Introduction: Excessive accumulation of body fat in obesity increases morbidities such as hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on the level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and blood pressure in children with obesity.
Methods: Fifty obese children, aged 6-10 years, were randomly assigned to the supplementation group (n=25) who received EPA and DHA supplementation or to the placebo group (n=25) for eight weeks. The trial was done in a single centre in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Randomisation and allocation to the trial group were done by a computer system. The primary analysis was comparing the blood pressure and hs-CRP level between groups. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) tests were done to compare the differences between groups, with a p-value <0.05 considered as significant.
Results: A total of 44 children completed the study, 24 (54.5%) were males and 20 (45.5%) were females. Initially, the systolic/diastolic blood pressure and hs-CRP level in the supplementation and placebo groups were 109.5/72.7 mmHg and 3.5 mg/L, 107.9/68.4 mmHg and 2.8 mg/L, respectively. At the end, they were 106.3/67.7 mmHg and 1.7 mg/L, and 108.1/71.8 mmHg and 2.8 mg/L, respectively. Systolic-, diastolic blood pressure and hs-CRP level were decreased by -2.6 mmHg (95% CI: -6.9 to 1.6; p=0.220), -7.5 mmHg (95% CI: -12.4 to -2.6; p=0.004), and -1.15 mg/L (95% CI: -2.1 to -0.2; p=0.022), respectively.
Conclusion: EPA and DHA supplementation in obese children showed significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure and hs-CRP level.
Key words: Fatty acid, inflammation, cytokine
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Sleep quality and body weight status of Malaysian
university students
Nurul Fareeza Suhaimi, Zuriati Ibrahim, Siti Nur ‘Asyura Adznam &
Sabariah Md Noor
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0048
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Inadequate sleep duration is a modifiable behaviour linked with body weight, yet limited is known on the role of sleep quality with body weight status among university students. The study aimed to determine sleep quality and its association with body weight status among university students.
Methods: A crosssectional study was conducted among 240 university students (24.6% males, 75.4% females) with a mean age of 21.22±1.24 years. Subjects were recruited from four faculties of University Putra Malaysia (UPM). Information on socio-demographic, sleep quality and anthropometric measurements were collected. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality, whereby a summation score from seven components yielded a global score on sleep quality, with higher scores indicating poor sleep quality.
Results: Majority of subjects were Malay (79.2%) with a mean body mass index of 22.6kg/m2. A majority (61.3%) had normal body weight, with the prevalences of underweight (UW), overweight (OW), and obesity (OB) at 12.9%, 19.6% and 6.3%, respectively. The mean global PSQI score was 5.76±2.64, with half of the respondents (50.4%) experiencing poor sleep quality. OW-OB experienced poorer sleep quality (6.53±2.79, p=0.004) and longer sleep latency (1.34±0.10, p=0.008) relative to UW-NW. OB subjects had substantially more frequent sleep disturbances compared to non-OB subjects (1.53±0.64, p=0.012).
Conclusion: Findings suggest that OW-OB students at university are at a greater risk of having reduced sleep quality with longer sleep latency and frequent sleep disturbances. There is a need for a wellness initiative to reduce the incidence of obesity while fostering healthier sleeping habits among university students.
Key words: Sleep quality, university student, body weight status
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Introduction: Inadequate sleep duration is a modifiable behaviour linked with body weight, yet limited is known on the role of sleep quality with body weight status among university students. The study aimed to determine sleep quality and its association with body weight status among university students.
Methods: A crosssectional study was conducted among 240 university students (24.6% males, 75.4% females) with a mean age of 21.22±1.24 years. Subjects were recruited from four faculties of University Putra Malaysia (UPM). Information on socio-demographic, sleep quality and anthropometric measurements were collected. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality, whereby a summation score from seven components yielded a global score on sleep quality, with higher scores indicating poor sleep quality.
Results: Majority of subjects were Malay (79.2%) with a mean body mass index of 22.6kg/m2. A majority (61.3%) had normal body weight, with the prevalences of underweight (UW), overweight (OW), and obesity (OB) at 12.9%, 19.6% and 6.3%, respectively. The mean global PSQI score was 5.76±2.64, with half of the respondents (50.4%) experiencing poor sleep quality. OW-OB experienced poorer sleep quality (6.53±2.79, p=0.004) and longer sleep latency (1.34±0.10, p=0.008) relative to UW-NW. OB subjects had substantially more frequent sleep disturbances compared to non-OB subjects (1.53±0.64, p=0.012).
Conclusion: Findings suggest that OW-OB students at university are at a greater risk of having reduced sleep quality with longer sleep latency and frequent sleep disturbances. There is a need for a wellness initiative to reduce the incidence of obesity while fostering healthier sleeping habits among university students.
Key words: Sleep quality, university student, body weight status
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A qualitative study of motivators and barriers to weight
reduction practices among overweight and obese
suburban Malay adults
Wirdah Mohamed, Syaznie Enre, Poh Bee Koon & Ruzita Abd Talib
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0139
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Designing an effective and comprehensive weight reduction intervention requires an understanding of the motivating factors and barriers to losing weight. This study explored the motivating factors and barriers to weight reduction through the experiences, emotions and ideas shared among suburban overweight and obese Malay adults.
Methods: In this qualitative study, 23 overweight or obese Malay adults aged 30-59 years old were divided into three focus group discussion (FGD). The Socio-Ecological Model (SEM), consisting of four levels (intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and policy) was utilised in this study.
Results: The motivating factors were: (1) Intrapersonal level: self-awareness, health concern, self-confidence, and desire to have good physical appearance, (2) Interpersonal level: social support from family and friends, (3) Community level: availability and accessibility of physical activity facilities and health information, and (4) Policy level: healthy lifestyle programme. The barriers were: (1) Intrapersonal level: lack of knowledge about diet, physical limitations, lack of self-control, and emotion/mood, (2) Interpersonal level: spouse and children, career or housework commitment, (3) Community level: lack of neighbourhood safety, and availability and accessibility of outside foods, and (4) Policy level: availability and accessibility of outside foods.
Conclusion: Eight factors were identified as motivating factors and barriers for weight reduction practices. Support from family and friends should be considered when developing an effective and comprehensive weight loss programme as it was both a motivating factor as well as a barrier.
Key words: Motivator, barrier, weight reduction, obesity, qualitative study
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Introduction: Designing an effective and comprehensive weight reduction intervention requires an understanding of the motivating factors and barriers to losing weight. This study explored the motivating factors and barriers to weight reduction through the experiences, emotions and ideas shared among suburban overweight and obese Malay adults.
Methods: In this qualitative study, 23 overweight or obese Malay adults aged 30-59 years old were divided into three focus group discussion (FGD). The Socio-Ecological Model (SEM), consisting of four levels (intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and policy) was utilised in this study.
Results: The motivating factors were: (1) Intrapersonal level: self-awareness, health concern, self-confidence, and desire to have good physical appearance, (2) Interpersonal level: social support from family and friends, (3) Community level: availability and accessibility of physical activity facilities and health information, and (4) Policy level: healthy lifestyle programme. The barriers were: (1) Intrapersonal level: lack of knowledge about diet, physical limitations, lack of self-control, and emotion/mood, (2) Interpersonal level: spouse and children, career or housework commitment, (3) Community level: lack of neighbourhood safety, and availability and accessibility of outside foods, and (4) Policy level: availability and accessibility of outside foods.
Conclusion: Eight factors were identified as motivating factors and barriers for weight reduction practices. Support from family and friends should be considered when developing an effective and comprehensive weight loss programme as it was both a motivating factor as well as a barrier.
Key words: Motivator, barrier, weight reduction, obesity, qualitative study
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Smartphone-based application vs paper-based record:
female adolescents acceptance on fluid record tool
Hiya Alfi Rahmah, Izka Sofiyya Wahyurin, Izzati Nur Khoiriani & Pramesthi
Widya Hapsari
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0122
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Water is essential for normal functioning of the human body. Total fluid intake assessment using fluid record method is considered to be a burden for respondents, and the development of technology is expected to contribute favourably to this issue. My Fluid Diary is a smartphone-based application developed by the researcher as a fluid intake recording tool. This study aimed to evaluate the acceptance of manual, paper-based fluid intake recording compared to using My Fluid Diary as a trial among Indonesian vocational female students.
Methods: A qualitative study was conducted to explore students’ acceptance of fluid intake recording using the smartphone-based application. An exploratory case study approach involving 38 female students as key informants was used via focus group discussion and in-depth interview as a method of triangulation.
Results: Based on the data, female adolescents admitted that the application was more acceptable for fluid intake than recording manually using a book, in consideration of three aspects - the benefits, the easiness, and the application display or features. Based on its benefits, My Fluid Diary was mentioned as easy to learn and use. However, in order to improve the application, there is still a need for research development.
Conclusion: My Fluid Diary was an application with respectable acceptance for fluid record compared to the manual, paper-based method among female adolescents.
Key words: Medical informatics application, qualitative research, adolescent
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Introduction: Water is essential for normal functioning of the human body. Total fluid intake assessment using fluid record method is considered to be a burden for respondents, and the development of technology is expected to contribute favourably to this issue. My Fluid Diary is a smartphone-based application developed by the researcher as a fluid intake recording tool. This study aimed to evaluate the acceptance of manual, paper-based fluid intake recording compared to using My Fluid Diary as a trial among Indonesian vocational female students.
Methods: A qualitative study was conducted to explore students’ acceptance of fluid intake recording using the smartphone-based application. An exploratory case study approach involving 38 female students as key informants was used via focus group discussion and in-depth interview as a method of triangulation.
Results: Based on the data, female adolescents admitted that the application was more acceptable for fluid intake than recording manually using a book, in consideration of three aspects - the benefits, the easiness, and the application display or features. Based on its benefits, My Fluid Diary was mentioned as easy to learn and use. However, in order to improve the application, there is still a need for research development.
Conclusion: My Fluid Diary was an application with respectable acceptance for fluid record compared to the manual, paper-based method among female adolescents.
Key words: Medical informatics application, qualitative research, adolescent
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SHORT COMMUNICATION
Effect of an educational intervention on nutrition
literacy in teachers: a short communication
Mahnaz Hemati, Mehdi Akbartabar Toori, Mohsen Shams & Afsaneh
Behroozpour
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0014
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Teachers, by creating a culture of health within their classrooms, are agents of change and have an important role during students’ formative years. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an educational intervention on the nutrition literacy of primary school teachers in Yasuj.
Methods: In this quasiexperimental study, 110 primary school teachers in Yasuj, who were randomly selected from two areas of the city (intervention and comparison groups), were included in the study. Nutrition literacy was measured by using a validated tool for the Iranian society. After analysing the data, the educational content and structure were developed to improve nutrition literacy. The intervention consisted of two training sessions, provision of educational pamphlets and sending of two SMS messages. Data were analysed before and three months after the intervention by using SPSS16 software.
Results: Before the intervention, the mean ± standard deviation of nutrition literacy in the comparison and intervention groups were 27.04±3.15 and 27.25±3.27, respectively. According to repeated measures ANOVA, nutrition literacy score improved significantly three months after the intervention (p time = 0.001). Besides, there was a significant difference between the two groups (p group = 0.03). The interaction between time and group was also significant (p time × group = 0.001).
Conclusion: The educational intervention led to an improvement in the nutrition literacy of primary school teachers in Yasuj.
Key words: Nutrition literacy, nutrition education, teachers
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Introduction: Teachers, by creating a culture of health within their classrooms, are agents of change and have an important role during students’ formative years. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an educational intervention on the nutrition literacy of primary school teachers in Yasuj.
Methods: In this quasiexperimental study, 110 primary school teachers in Yasuj, who were randomly selected from two areas of the city (intervention and comparison groups), were included in the study. Nutrition literacy was measured by using a validated tool for the Iranian society. After analysing the data, the educational content and structure were developed to improve nutrition literacy. The intervention consisted of two training sessions, provision of educational pamphlets and sending of two SMS messages. Data were analysed before and three months after the intervention by using SPSS16 software.
Results: Before the intervention, the mean ± standard deviation of nutrition literacy in the comparison and intervention groups were 27.04±3.15 and 27.25±3.27, respectively. According to repeated measures ANOVA, nutrition literacy score improved significantly three months after the intervention (p time = 0.001). Besides, there was a significant difference between the two groups (p group = 0.03). The interaction between time and group was also significant (p time × group = 0.001).
Conclusion: The educational intervention led to an improvement in the nutrition literacy of primary school teachers in Yasuj.
Key words: Nutrition literacy, nutrition education, teachers
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REVIEW
A review of national plans of action for nutrition in
Southeast Asian countries
Tee E Siong, Rodolfo F Florentino, Hardinsyah, Ismail Mohd Noor, Lwin Mar Hlaing, Saipin Chotivichien & Le Thi Hop
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-review-26-3
ABSTRACT
This review describes national plans of action for nutrition (NPANs) in six Southeast Asia countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam) in order to provide an understanding of the approach and framework undertaken by these countries in the formulation and implementation of NPANs, as well as the similarities and differences in various NPAN components. The six countries recognised the persistent undernutrition and escalating rates of obesity and other diet-related chronic diseases as the key drivers for nutrition action plan implementation. The prioritisation of nutrition interventions outlined in these NPANs are based on respective country context and needs. Although differing in strategies and targets set, these countries show similarities in several components including objectives, stakeholder involvement, nutritional issues to be addressed, implementation, monitoring and evaluation mechanism, programme/ activities identified and challenges in implementing NPANs. Countries have recognised that effective implementation, monitoring and evaluation are essential to successfully address both extremes of the challenging nutrition situation. Several important similarities in the NPANs studied suggest that closer collaboration among countries and stakeholders on NPANs would be beneficial. Opportunities should be created for periodic exchanges to enable sharing of experiences in the development and implementation of NPANs among the countries. Recommendations and conclusions drawn from this review could serve as useful reference for nutrition policy and planning in the future.
Key words: National plan of action for nutrition, Southeast Asia, nutrition intervention programmes, implementation strategies, monitoring and evaluation
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This review describes national plans of action for nutrition (NPANs) in six Southeast Asia countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam) in order to provide an understanding of the approach and framework undertaken by these countries in the formulation and implementation of NPANs, as well as the similarities and differences in various NPAN components. The six countries recognised the persistent undernutrition and escalating rates of obesity and other diet-related chronic diseases as the key drivers for nutrition action plan implementation. The prioritisation of nutrition interventions outlined in these NPANs are based on respective country context and needs. Although differing in strategies and targets set, these countries show similarities in several components including objectives, stakeholder involvement, nutritional issues to be addressed, implementation, monitoring and evaluation mechanism, programme/ activities identified and challenges in implementing NPANs. Countries have recognised that effective implementation, monitoring and evaluation are essential to successfully address both extremes of the challenging nutrition situation. Several important similarities in the NPANs studied suggest that closer collaboration among countries and stakeholders on NPANs would be beneficial. Opportunities should be created for periodic exchanges to enable sharing of experiences in the development and implementation of NPANs among the countries. Recommendations and conclusions drawn from this review could serve as useful reference for nutrition policy and planning in the future.
Key words: National plan of action for nutrition, Southeast Asia, nutrition intervention programmes, implementation strategies, monitoring and evaluation
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Acknowledgements
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